Students Participation in Co-Curricular Activities

Group Discussion| October 29 2012 | John Cheok, Wai Wai and Sin Ping| Sorry, If your name are typed wrongly and please voice out if you have any problem. TQ| John: Well, we shall discuss our task given to us by Ms. Low today. So do you have anything to bring up? WW: Sorry for the interruption, but I did not pay attention during English class last week. Do you mind to explain what are we supposed to discuss? John: Everyone in the class is divided into groups and we are supposed to discuss the question that are given and present it to the class.WW: I’d appreciate it if you could enlighten me further on the question given. SP: Wai Wai, the question given to us is about students participation in co-curricular activities has not been encouraging. We are must discuss the reason and implications and not to forget, the ways to overcome it. John: I’m glad someone actually listens in class. Co-curricular activities are non-academic activities that are conducted in schools or coll eges. Furthermore, the objective of these activities is to help prepare the physical strength and mental state of students.These activities may vary from football to public speaking. WW: From my point of view, these activities help the students a lot, so I can’t understand why are their participation discourage? SP: In general, college students have not enough time. They have to juggle around with many things. Students not have many lecture and tutorial classes to attend. For example, I finished my lecture at 10am, my next tutorial class is at 10. 30 and I have to race all the way to the class that is situated so far. Let alone co-curricular activities, I don’t even have enough time to finish up my homework.John: I think we share the same opinion on this matter, there are so many assignments that I have to pass up. And the deadlines are all right next after the previous. I don’t think 24 hours for a college student is enough. I think I need 30 hours a day to joi n a co-curricular activity. WW: I agree with you on that, but if we manage our time properly, we will find out that we spend a lot of our time on unnecessary matters, for example many students are now addicted to Facebook. They log on to Facebook like every hour. And also many are addicted to Korean dramas.Instead of wasting time streaming for an episode. Why not join a co-curricular activity? SP: I’m afraid I’m not really convinced by you. One of the reasons is activities in co-curricular are not interesting. Students are learning what they have learned in secondary school again and again. The repetitive and common activities will not attract the students to participate. John: I think it is fair to say that the way to overcome this problem is by adding more interesting activities that can attract many young adults to participate and most important have fun while doing certain activity.WW: It suddenly rang in my mind that many of my friends told me this before, the act ivities conducted in co-curricular are not helpful in their future career. On one hand it may not be helpful but on the other hand it may also be less encourage because of parents objection. SP: I totally agree with you. If students take part in these activities, they will have to stay longer in college. It is normal for the parents to be worried. I understand this because my mother will also get worried of me. They are afraid that I will mix with the wrong group or even play truant.John: I rather blame student themselves to be lazy than blaming parents for not letting us join the co-curricular activities. WW: May I interrupt you for a moment? John: If I may just finish, As I was saying, if a student is hardworking and responsible, I am sure that their parents will believe them and not worried that they will mix with the wrong people neither will they play truant. WW: In that case, I’m sorry to say that I may not be able to accept that. SP: Let’s not argue further but discuss about ways to overcome this problem. John: I think a campaign will help.WW: Could you explain this matter further? John: What I was thinking just now is that the college should held a campaign to encourage the students to take part in co-curricular. In that campaign, students should be given with more details and they can also ask questions about the activities that they are keen to join. By doing this, the students might gain more interest or even be exposed to new things. SP: I see eye to eye with you about this. Besides organizing a campaign, the college can also make it compulsory to join co-curricular activities.If students refused to join, they will never graduate. WW: I concur with you on this issue, but if the college forced their students to take part in the co-curricular activities, they students will not enjoy themselves but it will even male them more stress. From my point of view, the college should reward students with credit hour. For example in Tar College, i f you join the co-curricular units, at the end of the semester, you will earn two credit hours. John: Wow, by doing this, students will gain more knowledge and also do something for them to graduate by earning those credit hours.I’m sure students in TAR College are all willing to take part in their co-curricular units. I think students will gain more experience by participating in co-curricular activities. I believe, Co-curricular activities will expose students to many new things, hence it have many benefits. To conclude our discussion, the main reason for students not to take part in the co-curricular activities is lack of time or has bad time management and to overcome it, students must learn to distribute their time not only for their academic but also for some co-curricular activities.

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay

And strength, courage and confidence she possessed. Forty-six years after Eleanor Roosevelt’s death yet she the former First Lady still remains an influential women in the world. She supported her husband’s political career. In fact, President Franklin Roosevelt often called his wife his â€Å"eyes and ears† (Bradgon, McCutchen, and Ritchie 776). Eleanor Roosevelt played a pivotal role in the Roosevelt administration especially when paralysis hit the president (776). She used this power to advocate for civil rights, especially for the women (Goodwin 1998). The was the first woman to become the voice of the ordinary people, she spoke in national conventions, held press conferences, lectured, and wrote a syndicated column (1998). She fought for the plight of the poor, the women, and the African Americans (777). She was a super woman, so to speak. Her fight for social justice was perhaps what Roosevelt is famed and revered for. She helped laid the cornerstone of the civil rights and women’s movement. It was her greatest achievement, one that the world will forever be grateful for. Eleanor Roosevelt was born October 11, 1884 to Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall (Caroli 2008). Although she came from an influential family (her uncle was Theodore Roosevelt), her life story did not start out smoothly (2008). Hers was what people would call a â€Å"dysfunctional family† (Tindall and Shi 1266). Her father was described was an alcoholic who got servant girl pregnant while her mother was said to be a â€Å"cold, self-absorbed socialite† (Tindall and Shi 1266). Despite this, Eleanor loved her parents deeply. However, tragedy struck the family. By age ten, both her parents died and Eleanor, together with her brother, was brought to be raised by relatives (Caroli 2008). Eleanor’s other brother had died a year before (2008). Eleanor was extremely close to her father and his death deeply affected the young girl (2008). The siblings were brought to their grandmother Mary Hall to become their guardian (Black 2008). An introvert, Eleanor was sent to Allenswood, a girls’ boarding school by age 15 (Caroli 2008). Under the wing of Mademoiselle Marie Souvestre, Eleanor’s intellectual curiosity was awakened. Souvestre was a confident woman who was a staunch believer in the liberal causes (Black 2008). In Eleanor’s three years at Allenswood, she forged friendship not just with Souvestre but with young girls her age; she learned language, literature and history; expressed her opinions on political events; and discovered Europe in summers (2008). She was, to say the least, transformed into a â€Å"tall, willowy, outgoing woman† (Tindall and Shi 1266). In 1902, Eleanor went back to New York for her â€Å"coming out† into society (Caroli 2008). Following her family’s tradition, she immersed herself into social responsibilities, enlisting with the National Consumers League and the Junior League for the Promotion of Settlement Movements (Black 2008). She also volunteered to teach at the College Settlement on Rivington Street (2008). Her endeavors soon reached the attention of the New York reform group (2008). One summer, on a train ride to Tivoli, she bumped into her fifth cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Black 2008). A secret courtship began and on November 22, 1903, the two became engaged (2008). The two were different. Eleanor was often described as a serious person, someone of â€Å"high ideals and principles† while Franklin was a confident man, who grew with love and affection from his family (Tindall and Shi 1267). Franklin’s mother, Sara was against the relationship and tried in vain to separate the two. On March 17, 1905, Eleanor and Franklin were married in New York (2008). The wedding, wherein President Theodore Roosevelt gave the bride away, was on the front page of the New York Times (2008). In a span of 10 years, Eleanor gave birth to six children, one of whom died after birth (Caroli 2008). In 1911, Franklin won a seat in the New York senate and the family relocated to Albany (Black 2008). Eleanor looked forward to moving out, especially since in their old home, her mother-in-law was constantly breathing down her neck. She was said to comment that the move ignited her desire to become independent and be an individual (2008). As Franklin started to carve his political career, Eleanor took on the role of a political wife- gracing formal parties and â€Å"making social calls† (2008). When World War I broke in 1917, Eleanor found herself returning to volunteer work. She spent her free time helping the Navy- Marine Corps Relief Society and the Red Cross (Caroli 2008). Her unwavering commitment opened another door in her life- that of being able to be of service to others. For some time, she was in the shadow of her political husband. The War ignited her desire to pursue other plans outside her husband. It helped boost her confidence. Ruby Black, Eleanor’s friend, once commented that the war became her first work â€Å"outside her family† (Black 2008). But this awakening of sorts was dampened when Eleanor found that her husband was involved romantically with another woman, Lucy Mercer. Mercer was Eleanor’s social secretary (Caroli 2008). This caused a dent in the couple’s relationship and Eleanor suggested to have a divorce, which Franklin refused (2008). Franklin ended the relationship with Mercer and tried to patch things with Eleanor. Though they continued on with the marriage, it was said that they remained affectionate but no longer intimate (2008). In 1921, Franklin fell ill with polio and was paralyzed (Tindall and Shi 1267). Despite what had happened in their relationship, Eleanor did not leave her husband. She helped him in his career, attending political gatherings and speaking on his behalf (1267). According to their daughter Anna, polio was instrumental in bringing their parents together (1267). While Eleanor supported her husband, she started to carve her own name. She became active with the Women’s Trade Union League and the Democratic Party of the New York state (Caroli 2008). As Chair of the League of Women Voters Legislative Affairs Committee, Eleanor read the Congressional Record, talked with members of Congress and the State Assembly and presented a report on a monthly basis (Black 2008). She was especially interested in non-legislative issues like primary reform, voter registration and party identification (2008). Eleanor also wrote for the Women’s Democratic News (2008). Three years after, Eleanor was part of a group whose purpose was to inform women on participating in political and social issues. As board member of the bi-partisan Women’s City Club, Eleanor led the City Planning Department, tackling issues such as housing and transportation, child labor, and the distribution of birth control information on married people (Black 2008). She also taught at a school (2008). When Franklin was elected governor, Eleanor divided her time equally, ensuring that she pursued her personal interest and that of being a governor’s wife. When the Governor’s inner circle had disagreements with Eleanor’s League of Women Voters, Eleanor acted as arbitrator (Black 2008). Her political grace, no doubt, was shaping up. Following Franklin’s successful crack at the presidential election, the now First Lady continued with her passion. With her own staff, Eleanor carried on with her causes. She had press conferences with women correspondents, something she was keen on. She also talked to her husband about employing women in his cabinet (Tindall and Shi 1268). In fact, she backed the successful appointment of France Perkins as Secretary of Labor (Caroli 2008). Like the First Lady, Perkins was an advocate of minimum wage and maximum hour laws, child-labor restrictions and other reforms (Bradgon, McCutchen, and Ritchie 776). Eleanor was not afraid to speak her mind, even if it meant carping on her husband’s plan regarding unemployment insurance (Caroli 2008). In 1936, she started her own daily syndicated newspaper column â€Å"My Day† (2008). This was her channel for expressions her opinion publicly. While some greeted her write-up with criticisms, many people admired her for taking interest in their plight. She often tackled child welfare, racial minorities, housing reform and women equality (2008). Following her husband’s death in 1945, President Harry Truman her to the US delegation in the United Nations (UN) (Caroli 2008). She was responsible for the drafting and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (2008). The UDHR was approved on Dec. 10, 1948 at a U. N meeting in Paris, for which the former First Lady received a standing ovation from the delegates (Gardner 1988). The UDHR is deemed the touchstone of human rights (1988). It is also used to measure the performance of UN entities and NGOs (1988). Likewise, the UDHR continued to serve as inspiration for other human rights treaties in Europe and Latin American (1988). Based on the American Bill or Rights, the British Magna Carta, and the French Declaration of the Rights of the Man, the UDHD comprises a preamble and 30 articles on basic rights and freedoms (1988). When John F. Kennedy became president, she appointed Eleanor as chair of the Commission on the Status of Women (Caroli 2008). She continued to work and fought for the underprivileged. Even at her age, Eleanor travelled the globe to conduct meetings with world leaders (2008). She also did not stop writing books and articles. In 1962, she contacted a rare form of tuberculosis and succumbed. She was buried at Hyde Park. Works Cited Black, Allida. â€Å"Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. † The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Jan. 31, 2008. May 7, 2008 < http://www. gwu. edu/~erpapers/>. Bragdon, Henry, Samuel McCutchen and Donald Ritchie. History of a Free Nation. Ohio: McGraw-Hill, 1996. Caroli, Betty. â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt. † Britannica. com. 2008. May 7, 2008 . Gardner, Richard. â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt’s Legacy: Human Rights. † Dec. 10, 1988. May 7, 2008 . Goodwin, Doris. â€Å"Leaders and Revolutionaries. † TIME. com April 13, 1998. May 7, 2008 . Lewis, Jone. â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt Quotes. † Womenhistory. about. com 2008 May 7, 2008 . Tindall, George and David Shi. America A Narrative History 5th ed. USA:W. W. Norton and Company, 1999.

Poverty in European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poverty in European Union - Essay Example According to Draxler, absolute poverty levels have continuously fallen in a uniform manner in the entire of the European Union as well as generally in the countries of OECD in the recent past. On the other hand, relative levels of poverty have been escalating. Further, he argues that this has a high connection to the predicaments of the creation of employment. He continues to argue that the social exclusion issue and the downright establishment of the underclass impacts several functions of the policies of society and more specifically and of essence to it are the policies of education. This predicament as Draxler continues to argue, may be having some outdated structural causes. It manifests itself in the numerous new ways, though. Most of the risks socially are highly correlated with the habits of the lifestyle. Some of the examples he has given are society’s post-scarcity, smoking and overfeeding on junk food. Such habits are further correlated with disparities socially. The problem of obesity according to him is of the ones with a status of low-income and has increased in terms of its impact on society, especially to UK. In UK, due to the effect of obesity on society, efforts are underway to change the legislative stipulations to ban the marketing of junk food. Policies relating to lifestyle are highly becoming a component of essence to the intervention by the state. (Draxler, 2006 pp31, 32) In this same line of the item of argument. The article by think-tank says that, UK and Germany form the largest economies of the EU member states. It further states that UK has the biggest levels of relative poverty in the entire EU as well as the largest disparity of incomes. On the other hand, in accordance to think-tank, Germany’s situation is the rise in levels of unemployment as well as child poverty. The approach of explanation by think-tank is that poverty is a predicament approached with three models of programs of

Global Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Perspective - Essay Example The military power which both the US and the USSR accumulated, most especially weapons of mass destruction, quite effectively dictated the impossibility of their engaging in direct armed conflict. Such a conflict would have led to the deaths of millions upon millions of people, not to mention the probable obliteration of entire cities. At the same time, however, these two nations were adversaries and, because of their ideological differences, disagreements between them were as intense as that between warring nations. The US and the USSR were caught in a war with one another but had to avoid the possibility of this war turning hot.' Accordingly, their conflict assumed the form of a race for industrial development, a contest over the acquisition of satellite states, an arms race and even a space war. They may have avoided direct military confrontation but they quite often engaged in indirect warfare through proxy states, as in the Vietnam War or the first Afghanistan War, to name but two examples. Indeed, they divided the world between them. As may have been inferred from the foregoing argument, the United States and the Soviet Union were in a war with one another and the conflict between them was as contentious and as dangerous as any which had ever unfolded between two nations.

What does the 3rd space mean to you as a health professional Assignment

What does the 3rd space mean to you as a health professional - Assignment Example et al., 2010). In the context of this assignment, the third space was the forum where the aboriginals and the non-aboriginals gathered to talk and interact with one another away from their homes and places of work. There is a general agreement that social capital or what others would call cultural capital is not the only way to deal with the social exclusion menace. Aboriginals in Australia struggled for many years to be able to get the second and third space. It was actually hell to get the third space (Fenwick, 1998). They were at the periphery of service delivery in Australia for many years. They had health issues to deal with, and it was hard because they didn’t have the third space (Fenwick, 2001). A health professional finds the third space very important because it provides a forum in which they got to know about the health of the aboriginals, unlike the past where they would have health problems and nobody would care about it. The aboriginal health was in the past the hardest thing to understand because they lived in seclusion and felt unneeded because of their identity. It would be easier for health professionals to find ways to help the aboriginals with their health problems if informal settings are created in which the aboriginals and the non-aboriginals can sit together and talk, and just interact on a number of things touching on their lives (Eckermann et al. 2010).. There were certain social determinants of an aboriginal’s health and all of them touched on the social exclusion they suffered in the hands of the non-aboriginals, supposedly because they are viewed as an inferior race to the non-aboriginals. This made it hard to understand the health issues of the aboriginals. Third space creates an environment in which these two groups of people can interact. Through such interaction, it is no doubt that the health professionals will find it easy to understand the health of the aboriginals, and

Biology Curriculum Unit on structures and functions of Cells and their Assignment

Biology Curriculum Unit on structures and functions of Cells and their Organelles - Assignment Example The structures in cell are of both plant and animal cells. Although the students will be following the objectives for 8th grade Biology, they will spend much of their time researching the specific topics of the unit and creating products as a result of that research. A high degree of technology will be infused into the activities so that students will be able to use 21st Century technology skills to collaborate and produce products of learning. The problem-based learning activity dealing with the issue of cell recognition will encourage all of the students to gain a deeper, more comprehensive understanding of the issues facing the cell. Students will be able to examine the process that has occurred thus far and give opinions about the cell. Students will be able to get the outcome. Students will be developing products of learning that are meaningful to them and appropriate to the activity in which they have participated. Students will create a multimedia presentation of their choosing in order to explain their findings. They will draw diagrams order to learn more about the cell. Collaboration on projects will occur through the use of the internet The activities in this unit, while teacher-facilitated, allow students to investigate topics that are meaningful to them, based on the cell. Students will be able to work both independently and in groups and collaborate with each other in person and electronically. While the basic parameters of the activities are laid out, students will be able to make choices about how to proceed with the activities and how they will present their findings. In all activities, students will be involved in creating the evaluation measurement. Students must have some basic knowledge of how to use technology for research purposes and must have parental permission to use the Internet. Permissions to participate in field trip activities must be obtained from

Muhammad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Muhammad - Essay Example In short, everything in the universe was worth worshipping and the One they did not worship was the One Creator. They were totally unaware of His unity and their need of Him. If He was recognised to all by anyone, it was through intermediaries who too were worshipped. This was a dark period - the background - when the Sunnat Allah1 - the law of Allah for guidance and leaving anyone astray - repeated history and set in motion the natural law of reaction. The light of guidance shone and spread to the four corners removing the darkness of 'Shirk' (associated with God) and ignorance replacing it with faith and knowledge. In such a gloomy atmosphere which had encompassed pre-Islamic Arabia, there glittered a light in the birth of Muhammad (PBUH). Never before or after any individual placed in such adverse circumstances has so completely purged his society of the multifarious deep-seated evils, giving it a new and healthier shape, and had so much influenced the course of contemporary and future history. Muhammad's (PBUH) practical teachings had transformed a savage race into a civilized who brought about the most wonderful revolution in the history of mankind. He was the benefactor of humanity and being the last and greatest of all the prophets, his teachings were universal and for all times to come. As it were these The First verses that were revealed to Prophet (PBUH) were from Surah Al-Alaq: "Read in the Name of your Lord Who created - created man from a blood-clot. Read and your Lord is most Bountiful, who taught by the pen - taught man that he know not" (96:1-5). As it were these verses make perfect the purpose of human life. It has been told in Surah Al-Alaq that true knowledge was essential for attaining higher human qualities. Without that, life is meaningless. If anyone possesses true knowledge but is deficient in action then he does not derive the benefits and the knowledge is of no use. Muhammad (PBUH) was a great promoter of education and advocated the "pursuit of learning even unto distant China". He inculcated love for learning among the illiterate Arabs which paved the way for their outstanding intellectual achievements, ultimately making them pioneers in the domains of science and arts during the "Medieval times". Muhammad (PBUH) proclaimed the sovereignty of God and liberated mankind from the thralldom of unholy associations with His Divinity. He upheld the dignity of man and practiced the high ideals of equality, fraternity and justice he preached. He advocated the unity of God and thereby the unity and equality of mankind. He denounced the differences of colour and race and was the "Prophet in human colour and consequently a true specimen of Islamic unity and brotherhood". As the celebrated English writer Robert Briffault paid rich tributes to the teachings of Holy Prophet of Islam, when he said: "The ideals of freedom for all human beings, of human brotherhood, of the equality of all men before the law of democratic government, by consultation and universal suffrage, the ideas that inspired the French Revolution and the Declaration of Rights, that guided the framing of the American Constitution and inflamed the struggle for independence in the Latin-American countries were not inventions of the

Motivation in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Motivation in the Workplace - Essay Example The university consists mainly of five faculties’ namely engineering, science, humanities, built environment and business school. Deans are at the centres of each of these faculties. The department focused in the case is the engineering department which is composed mainly of the faculties with prior experience in the academics career. Most of the faculties have been in the university for around eight years. Another notable peculiarity of the department is that all the lecturers are males. The department has made notable efforts in creating an industry collaboration and several technology developed by the university has been patented. The protagonist of the case is Anne Henderson who is a notable professional in her industry. Changes in motivational factors are explained with the help of the story of her industrial behaviour and the changes in her career interest. Expansion plans of the university have resulted in them advertising for the post of senior lecturer. The preferred candidate for the post is an expert in the field with good experience in research work, good business contacts and having a willingness to travel. The case ends by referring to the state of mind of Anne Henderson where she comes across the vacancy at Midshires University and makes a call to the university without even looking at the instructions. Anne’s Motivating Factors This case study can be explained in terms of the content and process theories of motivation. For the purpose of the case study, two content and process theories will be considered. â€Å"Content theories explain the specific factors that motivate people. They explain what drives human behavior.† (Ferguson, 2000) Content theories specifically deal with needs and goals of individuals. Therefore, it deals with those factors that motivate individuals. The popular content theories are McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, ERG Theory, Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory and McClelland’s Th eory of Needs. From the content perspective, Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory and McClelland’s Need theory will be used to explain Anne’s motivating factors. â€Å"Process Theories deal with the â€Å"process† of motivation and is concerned with â€Å"how† motivation occurs.† (Ozgurzan, 2012) This is unlike the materialistic approach of content theory. Process theories state that any particular motivational behaviour of an individual is the result of an activity on the individual. Some of the popular process theories are Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Goal Theory and Adam’s Equity Theory. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory and Adam’s Equity Theory will be used here to explain Anne’s motivational situation. Herzberg’s theory of motivation states that an individual’s motivation level is influenced mainly by Hygiene Factors and Motivator Factors. Hygiene factors are those factors that are necessary for having a stable motivational level. The absence of these factors can lead to dissatisfaction of employees. But on the contrary their presence is not a motivator for the employees. Some of the hygiene factors are company policy, wages, supervisory quality, working conditions, job security, etc. Now, Anne’s motivation level can be analysed based on this theory. From the case study it can be seen that Anne was provided with an array of hygiene factors by the company. ?80,000 of annual salary, chauffeur-driven car, flat, pension scheme, credit cards and first class air travels were

Does the Fairtrade movement offer a viable model for a more ethical Essay

Does the Fairtrade movement offer a viable model for a more ethical trading system Choose one of the following sectors to explo - Essay Example Ethical trading is the umbrella term used to denote and describe all types of business processes or practices, which borders on promoting socially as well as environmentally responsible trade. This was stated by Narasaiah (2006, p.148), â€Å"Ethical trade is one dimension of corporate social responsibility, bringing social issues into the mainstream of commercial supply chain management through the use of codes of conduct.† Although, the term is also used to refer to the trade practices in an organization’s supply chain, instead of ethical trading, the term Fair Trade is being used to denote the ethical trade practices in the supply chain. Although, the words Ethical Trade and Fair Trade are synonymously used or sometimes interchangeably used, there is some clear distinction between the two words. â€Å"Ethical trade focuses on employment conditions of workers within global value chains, as distinct from Fair Trade which focuses primarily on producer prices and tradin g relationships. (Barrientos, Conroy and Jones, 2007, p.60). Thus, Fair Trade is a form of trading, where the well-being of weak actors or producers in the supply chain is taken care, through optimal trading practices. That is, the big players need to carry out ethical practices and indulge in ethical trading, so that the interests of the small players or traders are protected. What is more, the Fair trade movement also focus on reducing the poverty and improving the living standard of primary producers or farmers. Successful organization will try to incorporate a feasible model for a more ethical trading system and this is applicable to organizations in any sector, including the food and drink sector. So, in this article, the argument will be made and the reason will be given on why Fair trade has become a viable model for more ethical trading system. Role of Fair Trade Fair Trade had its origins way back in 19th century in the form of Cooperative movement among the traders. Howeve r, it evolved more in the mid part of the 20th century. That is, it began with the Mennonite Central Committee, U.S. based service entity, deciding to do trade with the poor communities in the South in the 1940s. From that beginning, it further expanded and become a "movement" in the 1960s and 1970s. (Moore 2004). Fair Trade is the term given to the trade that is authorised and overseen by certain unbiased organizational bodies, whose role is to see whether that trade happens fairly giving the due benefits to the producers in the supply chain. The four main organizational bodies which formulated the guidelines that constitute Fair Trade, and gives Fair Trade recognition to specific producers and buyers, thereby overseeing the Fair Trade practices are Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), World Fair Trade Organization (or formerly International Fair Trade Association), Network of European Worldshops (NEWS!) and European Fair Trade Association. To further actualize a n omnipresent body, which can coordinate and oversee all the Fair Trade practices, these four bodies created together FINE (starting letters of the four) in 1998, an informal body â€Å"whose goal is to harmonize fair trade standards and guidelines, increase the quality and efficiency of fair trade monitoring systems, and advocate fair trade politically.† (articlesbase.com 2011). This FINE is also responsible for

Woman's Building Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Woman's Building - Assignment Example at is also stated by Chadwick (1990): â€Å"By the time †¦ World’s Fair opened in Chicago in 1893, American women had evolved a new sense of identity and purpose. †¦ [R]epresentatives of all groups came together to organize a woman’s building intended to prove that women’s achievements were equal to those of men† (p. 247) But it would not be right to insist that it was the final event in American culture that changed the course of the history. â€Å"[Women] remained caught between the demands of careers and motherhood, struggling continually against the limitations placed on them by the social category of femininity, against the trivializing of their work in relation to that of men, and against the mythologizing of its ‘otherness† (Chadwick, 1990, p. 248). Though, it was a true victory because â€Å"despite the unevenness of its displays and the critics’ argument that mediocrity was the only possible result when â€Å"femininity was the first requisite and merit a secondary consideration,† the Woman’s Building overwhelmed visitors by the sheer magnitude and ambition of its displays† (Chadwick, 1990, p. 250). Summing everything up, the whole idea of Woman’s Building was not accepted completely but the set of people’s minds was changed due to that. Further steps led to the present where women have the right to express themselves, to compete with men and to be free in all meanings of this

Ikea Case Study Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ikea Case Study Analysis Essay Symptoms IKEA has a strong international brand recognition built upon a unique philosophy and low product prices, combined with solid sales performance. IKEA’ s famous vision is â€Å"to create a better everyday life for many people†. The company maintains total control of its design, pricing and supply of product ranges globally, and thus has a product portfolio that caters for most consumer lifestyles and budgets. IKEA is very much reliant on Europe, with 82% of stores located in this region, European market can be regarded as saturated and in times of economical downturn sales in coming years will are unlikely to be something more than just â€Å"modest†. Problem definition Whether to continue IKEA expansion to new markets, e.g. Asian market? And how to secure IKEA’s competitive advantage in the future? Alternatives First alternative: In order to keep good quality standards of IKEA products, no further extension to new markets in the nearest future + It will give an opportunity to preserve well-known global brand and its strong position at European and American market The company will lose market share The sales will reduce Second alternative: Continue expansion into non-Western markets, including China + Sales increase by gaining the market -The image of IKEA may be weakened as in China it may be very hard to keep with quality standards at the same time offering products for extremely low price Recommendations I would recommend to focus more on markets, where IKEA is currently doing its business. Expansion to China’s market with very tough conditions (in terms of price) may change the IKEA forever and even destroy the company, it will be another very cheap and not very qualitative retailer from China, but not IKEA anymore. Having chances for gaining Asian market, IKEA may have big threat to loose European and American market. I believe there is always room for improvement, IKEA could enhance services, for example develop of e-commerce, consumers may find Internet shopping preferable, as the Ikea reputation means that they are already assured of the quality and craftsmanship of Ikea products, which is opposed to the present belief of Ikea that customers should be able to feel and check the quality of products before purchase.

Nazi Germany in the 1930s Essay Example for Free

Nazi Germany in the 1930s Essay Jews faced several problems that made life very difficult and strenuous during the mid-1930s. People who were Jewish were often persecuted and treated as the worst class of people when it comes to social hierarchy. Throughout this time, there were many things happening to Germany that were of and related to government, which destroyed the ability for a Jewish citizen to have a positive life. There were several hardships and problems faced by Jews regarding emigration out of Europe. Also, Jewish people during this time period suffered from government and social ridicule, losing many rights and necessities that should be given to every human being upon birth. During the mid-1930s, Germany tried to persecute Jews by forcing their emigration from the country. This was caused by the anti-Semitic legislation in Germany. Jews were not allowed to take with them any more than $4 and very few belongings. Along with that, trying to get to another country was nearly impossible. With the terrible great depression that was occurring, other countries were afraid that immigrants would threaten local job opportunities, thus emigration out of Germany was very difficult for Jews (Obstacles to Immigration). All the documents required to leave the country were also nearly impossible to obtain. Jews often called these â€Å"Bureaucratic Hurdles†. These were up to 15 documents that could include 5 visa applications, 2 local citizen sponsorships, tax and financial documents, police conduct documents and evaluations, a physical, and proof of a booked passage to the new country(Documents Required to Obtain a Visa). According to Ann Jacobson , when she emigrated out of Austria, when it became part of the Reich, her father was only allowed to take $80 and they had extreme difficulty finding all the documents required to move (â€Å"Flight From the Reich†). This was extremely fortunate for her to be able to get the opportunity to move, because for most Jews, obtaining such documents was nearly impossible. Overall, trying to emigrate out of a Nazi occupied territory in the mid-1930s was almost impossible, due to the legal and social restrictions posed by people and the government. Jewish lifestyle was often full of being discriminated against and mistreatment by non-Jewish citizens and government affiliated people during this time period. Many Jewish people lost their jobs and children were taken from schools (â€Å"Flight from the Reich†). With the little things available for Jews to take with them due to confiscation and newfound poverty, Jews were figuratively chased out of Germany by Nazis (â€Å"1938 Propaganda Poster†). Poverty is caused by lack of work, and Jews definitely were forced into poverty. An example of somebody being forced out of their job was Elisabeth Abegg. She was a teacher who was forced out of the position in 1933 for being of the Jewish religion (Rescue and Resistance 1). With no money, jobs, or hope for help from others, anybody would have struggled for shear survival. That is what these Jews were being denied during this time. They were forced out of a normal lifestyle, and constantly had to be looking over their shoulders for the government. A citizen in any country should never feel threatened or attacked by their own government. For the Jews trying to survive in this time period, the case was practically opposite. The government was brutal, and forcibly making Jewish people evacuate the country, yet made immigration to other countries nearly impossible. This is what made life so difficult for Jews during this time period. Eventually there was an establishing of the Nuremburg Laws, which caused Jews to lose citizen rights in Germany (â€Å"Jews in Nazi Germany† 1). Some people tried to resist the movement, but were quickly dealt with. In 1933, Karl Barth opposed pro-Nazis and based his opposition on his biblical theology (Rescue and Resistance 11). He was expelled from Germany for his â€Å"unruly behavior† in 1935. When people got on boats to sail to new countries, the exit of Europe did not always guarantee complete freedom from the Reich. If Jews were to get on a Germany controlled ship, they were technically on German land wherever they were. It was best to get on an American controlled ship, so that Germans had no control over what happened to it or its passengers while in operation (â€Å"Flight from the Reich†). If an emigrant was on a German controlled ship, like the St. Louis, problems could have occurred. This boat consisted to 900 or more people trying to go to Cuba. The government in Germany knew that Cuba had changed its mind about accepting these people yet they did not inform the passengers. When the boat got to Cuba, it was turned around with only 28 people admitted onto the island . The rest were sent back to Europe. Only half of those people sent back ended up surviving through the Holocaust (Voyage of the St. Louis). With the difficulty posed by the inability to obtain documents, and the process it actually took to get to a new country, emigration for Germans during this time period was seemingly impossible. Altogether, this time period was probably the most difficult time for a certain persecuted group of people to live. They were treated with utmost disrespect and extremely persecuted. Even though I am not a Jew myself, I feel extreme remorse for the Jews during this time period. Being able to relate to what these people went through is nearly impossible for anybody who would ever try to give themselves the task. These people are an example of how little wrong one must do in society to be treated in the most malicious of ways. The human race itself will always be the leading factor in the prevention of development, and this time period demonstrates this more than most others. When humans do and think like the Nazis did in the mid-1930s is when our race will reach ultimate failure. People do not deserve to be persecuted or mistreated, unless it is an earned treatment for negative behavior or acts. These Jews did nothing wrong, yet were treated worse by the Reich than any other people on the planet at the time. When looking for something to take away from this, one could take away the knowledge to know how destructive a simple persecution could become. It is not wise to single out any one group of people in any social context, due to the harmful global impacts made when this happened to the Jews. Humans are all born equally, and unfortunately are unable to treat each other as such. People should always be treated and given the title and rights they were born with. That title is a human being.

Appraisal Techniques Available to Finance Managers

Appraisal Techniques Available to Finance Managers INTRODUCTION: What are the different appraisal techniques available to finance managers to make decisions relating to investment projects? Discuss each of them and recommend, giving your reasons, which of them you consider as the best technique applicable to your company. INVESTMENT APPRAISAL: Investment appraisal also known as capital budgeting. As finance manager one of the important areas of decision-making for the long-term is must to tackle the investment the need to committed funds by buying buildings, machinery and land. Finance manager have to check of the size of the inflows and outflows of funds, for handling these types of decisions, the degree of risk and the lifespan of the investment cost of obtaining funds are despatched. The capital budgeting cycle can be summarised in some stage which are as follows: Expecting investment needs Identifying project to satisfy needs Examine the alternatives Choose the best alternatives Making the spend Monitor the project Looking at investment appraisal involves us in stage 3 and 4 of this cycle. We can classify capital expenditure projects into four broad categories: Maintenance replacing old or obsolete assets for example. Profitability quality, productivity or location improvement for example. Expansion new products, markets and so on. Indirect social and welfare facilities. Even the projects that are unlikely to generate profits should be subjected to investment appraisal. This should help to identify the best way of achieving the projects aims. So investment appraisal may help to find the cheapest way to provide a new staff restaurant, even though such a project may be unlikely to earn profits for the company. WHAT ARE THE INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES? Investment Appraisal also known as Capital Budgeting is used to assess whether capital Expenditure on a particular project will be beneficial for the entity or not. These techniques can be used to evaluate projects both in the private and public sector companies. Most commonly used the following techniques. A: Traditional Methods 1: Payback Period 2: Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) B: Discounted Cash Flow Methods 3: Discounted Payback Period 4: Net Present Value (NPV) 5: Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 6: Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) 7: Adjusted Present Value (APV) Traditional Methods Payback and Accounting rate of return (ARR) period are non discounted methods while all other mentioned methods are discounted. By discounted it is meant that the time value of money is considered in these methods. 1: Payback Period Payback period calculates the time taken by a project to recoup the initial investment. For a finance manager, evaluating projects by this technique would prefer projects with short payback period than those with longer payback periods.It is simple to calculate and easy to understand. Payback is literally the amount of time required for the cash inflows from a capital investment project to equal the cash outflows. The usual way that firms deal with deciding between two or more competing projects is to accept the project that has the shortest payback period. Payback is mostly used as a starting screening method. Payback period = Initial payment / Annual cash inflow So, if  £12,000000 is invested with the aim of earning  £12,00000 per year or net cash earnings, the payback period is calculated thus: P =  £12,000000 /  £12,00000 = 10 years This all looks fairly easy! But what if the project has more uneven cash inflows? Then we need to work out the payback period on the cumulative cash flow over the duration of the project as a whole. Payback with uneven cash flows: Of course, in the real world, investment projects by business organisations dont yield even cash flows. Have a look at the following projects cash flows with an initial investment in year 0 of  £120,000 The payback period is precisely 6 years. The shorter the payback period, the better the investment, under the payback method. We can appreciate the problems of this method when we consider appraising several projects alongside each other. We can see that the payback period for two of the projects (3, 5) is six years. In this case, then, the two projects are of equal merit. But, here we must face the real problem posed by payback: the time value of income flows. Put simply, this issue relates to the sacrifice made as a result of having to wait to receive the funds. In economic terms, this is known as the opportunity cost. More on this point follows later. So, because there is a time value constraint here, the two projects cannot be viewed as equivalent. Project 3 is better than 5 because the revenues flow quicker in years five and six. Project 4 is better than Projects 1 and 2, because of the earlier flows and because the post-payback revenues are concentrated in the earlier part of that period. So its clear that the payback method is a bit of a blunt instrument. So why use it? Advantages of payback: 1st, it is popular because of its simplicity. Research over the years has shown that UK firms favour it and perhaps this is understandable given how easy it is to calculate. 2nd, in a business environment of rapid technological change, new plant and machinery may need to be replaced sooner than in the past, so a quick payback on investment is essential. 3rd, the investment climate in UK in particular demands that the investors got fast returns. Mostly long-term profitable possibilities investments are viewed due to longer wait for revenues flow. Disadvantages of payback: It has not enough real facts, which choose the length of best payback time? No one from other does it is planned by pitting one investment opportunity against another. Cash flows are regarded as either pre-payback or post-payback, but the latter tend to be ignored. Payback takes no account of the effect on business profitability. Its sole concern is cash flow. Payback summary. It is probably best to regard payback as one of the first methods you use to assess competing projects. It could be used as an initial screening tool, but it is inappropriate as a basis for sophisticated investment decisions. 2: Accounting Rate of Return (ARR): This technique compares the profit earned by the project to the initial investment required for the project. Thus a project with higher rate of return is preferred. The Accounting rate of return expresses the profits arising from a project as a percentage of the initial capital cost. However the definition of profits and capital cost are different depending on which textbook you use. For instance, the profits may be taken to include depreciation, or they may not. One of the most common approaches is as follows: ARR = (Average annual revenue / Initial capital costs) x 100 Lets use this simple example to illustrate the ARR: A project to replace an item of machinery is being appraised. The machine will cost  £550,000 and is expected to generate total revenues of  £80,000 over the projects seven year life. What is the ARR for this project? ARR = [( £ 90,000 / 7) / 550,000] x 100 ARR = 2.37% Advantages of ARR As with the Payback method, the chief advantage with ARR is its simplicity. This makes it relatively easy to understand. There is also a link with some accounting measures that are commonly used. The Accounting rate of return is similar to the Return on Capital Employed in its construction; this may make the ARR easier for business planners to understand. The ARR is expressed in percentage terms and this, again, may make it easier to use.There are several criticisms of ARR which raise questions about its practical application: Disadvantages of ARR: 1st, the ARR doesnt take account of the project duration or the timing of cash flows over the course of the project. 2nd, the concept of profit can be very subjective, varying with specific accounting practice and the capitalisation of project costs. As a result, the ARR calculation for identical projects would be likely to result in different outcomes from business to business. 3rd, there is no definitive signal given by the ARR to help manager to decide whether or not to invest. This lack of a guide for decision making means that investment decisions remain subjective. Discounted Cash Flow Methods 3: Discounted Payback Period This technique works similar to payback period, the difference here is that discounted values of cash flows are used for calculation of the payback period. 4: Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV method calculates the present values for all future cash flows. The discount rate may be the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) or it may be any cost of capital depending on the risk of the project in consideration. This type of appraisal is regarded superior to the ARR and the payback period, however there are certain assumptions, on which this technique is based, making its evaluation less reliable. The Net Present Value (NPV) is the first Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) technique covered here. It successes on the idea of situation cost to put a value on cash inflows increasing from capital investment. Keep in mind that opportunity cost is the calculation of what has been given or forward as a result of a special decision. It is also referred to as the real cost of taking some action. We can look at the concept of present value as being the cash equivalent now of a sum receivable at a later date. So how does the opportunity cost affect revenues that we can expect to receive later? Well, imagine what a business could do now with the cash sums it must wait some time to receive. Looked at another way, it is simply that the business have to receive the capital to invest in the project. So, it has to wait for the revenues arising from the investment, the interest is paid on received capital. NPV is a technique where cash inflows expected in future years are discounted back to their present value. This is calculated by using a discount rate equivalent to the interest that would have been received on the sums, had the inflows been saved, or the interest that has to be paid by the firm on funds borrowed. Present Value Table Net Present Value tables provide a value for a range of years and discount rates. Notice the time scale used in the table: The present value for 0 years is always 1, and this is not included in the present value table. If we are looking to find the present value of  £ 10, 0000 which you expect to receive in 5 years time, at a rate of interest of 7 %, we should use the following table: Step 1 Look down the top column of the table (After n years) and find 5 years. Step 2 Look across the row titled At rate r for the rate of interest of 7 %. Step 3 Where the row for 5 years intersects with the column for 7 % in the table, there is the relevant present value factor. In this case this is 0.713. Step 4 Multiply  £ 10, 0000 by 0.713 =  £ 71300 NPV Illustration Calculate the present value of the following projects cash flows, using a 10 % discount rate. Assessing the value of NPV calculations is simple. A positive NPV means that the project is worthwhile because the cost of tying up the firms capital is compensated for by the cash inflows that result. When more than one project is being appraised, the firm should choose the one that produces the highest NPV. 5:Internal Rate of Return (IRR): IRR calculates the rate at which the NPV of a project equals zero. According to this method if the cost of capital of a company is more than the IRR, the project will be rejected and if it is lower than the cost of capital it is likely to be accepted. IRR and NPV concepts are correlated. We know that when a positive NPV is produced by our DCF calculations, a project is worthwhile. We have also seen that when there are competing projects, we should select the one that produces the highest NPV. But sometimes a finance manager will wants to know how well a project will perform under a range of interest rate scenarios. The aim with IRR is to answer the question: What level of interest will this project be able to withstand? Once we know this, the risk of changing interest rate conditions can effectively be minimised. The IRR is the annual percentage return achieved by a project, at which the sum of the discounted cash inflows over the life of the project is same to the sum of the capital invested. Another way of looking at this is that the IRR is the rate of interest that reduces the NPV to zero. Making the investment decision Lets set out the criteria for accepting or rejecting investment opportunities, using the NPV and IRR. As a Finance manager, considering whether to accept or reject an investment project, on the basis of their acquiring the funds necessary at a known rate of interest. 1: The NPV approach asks if the present value of cash inflows less the initial investment is positive, at the current borrowing rate. 2: The IRR approach asks if the IRR on the project is greater than the borrowing rate. Illustration of NPV IRR An initial investment of  £ 2500 in a project produces cash inflows of  £ 750,  £ 750,  £ 900,  £ 900 and  £ 595 at 12 month intervals. The cost of capital to finance the project is 12 %.We are required to decide whether the project is worthwhile using: 1. The Net Present Value 2. The Internal Rate of Return A positive NPV makes the project worthwhile because the cost of tying up the firms capital is compensated for by the cash inflows that result. 2. IRR The above calculation for NPV used a 12 % discount rate and produced a positive value of  £ 318.07. We need to find a discount rate that produces a negative NPV. Lets try 20 %. The IRR lies between 12 % and 20 %. But we can get much closer to the precise answer by using arithmetic. IRR = 12% + Difference between the two discount x Positive NPV Range of +ve to â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"ve NPVs IRR = 12 % + (8 % x 318.07) IRR = 478.73 IRR = 12 % + 5.32 IRR = 17.32 % IRR Problems While there are some different difficulties with the IRR, MIRR solves two of them. First problem is the IRR accepts that interim complete money movements are invested again at the rate of return which was same as the project which creates them. This is most often happening a plan which is not real and a very simple situation, that the funds will be invested again at a rate where the firms cost of capital is closure. Therefore, the IRR often provides a reasonable, hopeful image of the projects which is under study. Normally for checking the projects in the fair way, the weighted average cost of capital can be used for investing again the interim money movements. 2nd, you can find more than one IRRs for projects with different negative and positive flows of cash, which control to confusion. IRR Summary: The value to a business of calculating the IRR is that its decision-makers are able to see the level of interest that a project can withstand. In the case where a number of projects are competing for selection, the one that is most resilient can be chosen. 6: Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) (MIRR) is a managing the methods of an investments attractiveness. It is used in capital budgeting to give the rank to different investments. Modified Internal Rate of Return is a change of the (IRR) internal rate of return and intent to solve some problems with the internal rate of return (IRR). Using (IRR) we assumes that reinvestment rate of the company is the (IRR). (MIRR) overcomes this assumption and evaluate projects on the assumption that the reinvestment rate is the same as the companys cost of capital. This assumption for the cost of capital makes it a more effective technique as compared to the IRR. MIRR is calculated as follows: mbox{MIRR}=sqrt[n]{frac{-FV(text{positive cash flows, reinvestment rate})}{PV(text{negative cash flows, finance rate})}}-1 Where n is used for the number of same periods which is at the finish stage, where the cash flows occur, PV is used for present value, FV is used for future value. 7:Adjusted Present Value (APV) APV method is used for evaluating investment in projects where risks for a project are different from the company considering such undertakings. This type of evaluation overcomes weaknesses present in the NPV technique. Adjusted present value (APV) is similar to NPV. Use the cost of equity as the discount rate is different. For the financing effects different adjustments are made. Normally with DCF models, adjusted present value calculation is simple but boring. Calculating the first step of an APV is to calculating the basic NPV by using the cost of equity like discount rate. The companys cost of equity and this may be the same. To recalculate using CAPM and by estimating a beta, in some cases may be it is necessary. First calculated the base of NPV, after that calculate the NPV of every set of cash flows which results from financing. The tax results of using debt rather than equity are most obvious. The cost of debt can be discounted or that shows unknown activities about the tax effects at a higher rate. NPV of the tax effects is added then to the basic NPV. If there are some other activities of financing, also added or subtracted, then APV is the final result. Given capital organization unrelated, savings from the financing should be levelled by changes in the necessary return on equity and changes in capital structure as well. Normally this makes a simple NPV with the WACC like the discount rate suitable. Normal NPV calculation: Where, in a simple situation: These more complicated situations are more easily handled BY using Adjusted Present Value (APV), more difficult conditions are very easy to handle. APV based on the below: APV = NPV of project pretended, itâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s all equity financed + NPV of financing results. APV divide the total value of the project into different parts: any debt is no used for value assuming in one part, and then using the debt in capital structure we add the extra value Best Technique: After discussing all the financial appraisal techniques, it seems that the choice of best financial appraisal techniques depends upon the nature of Project. References Internal Rate of Return: A Cautionary Tale Find MIRR with FinEasy MIRR v1.0 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_internal_rate_of_return http://www.bized.co.uk/timeweb/reference/using_experiments2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance http://moneyterms.co.uk/dcf/ http://moneyterms.co.uk/capital-structure/

groth of the self :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately I was not able to make it to our last site visit and to our group meeting. I had a terrible cold and needed rest. However, I emailed one of my group members so that she could up date me. I also made sure to call my students and apologize for my absence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, Monday I went back to site and we had overhead presentation. The students were really involved and eager to participate. In the overhead pictures of different people were shown and the students were asked to describe the person. Many of the students commented that the people in the picture looked like drug dealers, rapist and so on. Most of their comments were negative towards what the individuals in the picture looked like. The students were really shocked to find out that all of those people in the picture were university students and really successful. This was our introduction and then we broke into groups and discussed the prejudice article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was really happy that both my students were really eager to express their opinion and to share their experiences with prejudice. They were really trying to analyze the negative and positive effects of prejudice. I have a wonderful group and I can see that they are becoming more and more involved each time. What would you do if you really loved the student?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that because I live the students and because I have opened up to them they are becoming more interested and involved. I really enjoy listening to my students responses to their ways of thinking and seeing things. Therefore, to show them my love I respect their ideas and I encourage them to think and to question everything. We were really working on our analytical skills and I hope to improve my own analytical skills through them. I am really happy with my students but I wished they took the homework a bit more serious. I think that because they have a week until we meet again they postpone the homework for so long that they eventually forget to do it or they just loose the assignment. But since I car for my students I have decided to make it my responsibility to remind them at least two days before. I plan to call them at and inquire on their week and end the call with a quick reminder to do their reading assignment and written note and questions for our n ext discussion.

Korn :: essays research papers

In the early '90s, heavy music looked to be going the way of the dinosaurs: Well-heeled Brit-pop and well-scrubbed pop-punk were thoroughly dominating the guitar-rock landscape, and the few surviving old-school metal acts seemed hopelessly unable to adapt. But somewhere within the vast, murky Southern California wasteland, a dynamic new species was being born, a forward-thinking beast that disregarded the mistakes of heavy bands past while meshing dark, urban rhythms and low-tuned guitar sludge with violent, expressionist blasts of hip-core noise. That and the wildly emotional vocals of JONATHAN, which alternated between a bourbon-smooth croon and a viscerally sharp howl, made for a revolutionary mix that redefined heavy rock better than anyone had in a decade. The result was a monster 1994 self-titled debut album that went solid platinum, and by the time 1996's Life Is Peachy was released, this beast had a fanbase over two million strong--and a legion of musical imitators so large it threatened to saturate the planet. It was time for a change of rules. Hence KORN's latest, greatest slab, aptly titled FOLLOW THE LEADER. From the broadened musical and emotional scope to the much beefier production values to the stunning cover art courtesy of Spawn-creator Todd McFarlane, FOLLOW THE LEADER is indeed an ambitious and deeply satisfying outing for the band. And while there is considerably more hype surrounding this rightly anticipated disc, JONATHAN is quick to put things in perspective. "Our only goal was to take our time on this album," he says. "Because I knew we had it in us to do something great. To full integrate both (previous) albums and put out a record we could be proud of...we wanted to do some phat shit." "I think working with a new producer and going into a new studio helped us grow musically as a band," adds guitarist MUNKY. "All of us really have that fire again about being excited about a record...We all feel like we grew, like when you grow out of some old shoes; your feet are all crammed in forever and you know you need to buy a new pair, but you need to save up the money to do it. We kind of saved up our confidence and made that leap into our new shoes." Fans of old-school KORN needn't despair--the new shoes kick just as much ass as the old pair. "Freak On A Leash" is a molotov cocktail of scathing, psychedelic guitar runs, hypno-groove bass grind, hip-hop jungle drumming, all sliced in two with an ingeniously placed scat line reminiscent of PEACHY opener "Twist." Then there's "Children Of The

Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay -- business trip, aristotle

The tragic tale Death of a Salesman fulfills Aristotle’s definition of a tragedy to a great degree. The play conforms to Aristotle’s definition seamlessly for the factors of plot, thought, diction, and spectacle, satisfying all of the key necessities for each section. Character, also, fits well with his definition, but there are a few deviations from Aristotle’s perfect tragedy that prevent a seamless fit. The use of a chorus is completely ignored in this play, but being one of the least important elements, it does not affect the overall worth of the play. When the individual parts of the play are examined, it satisfies Aristotle’s requirements for a perfect tragedy. In Aristotle’s definition of a perfect tragedy he delegates plot as the most important component of the play. According to Aristotle, plot can be defined as the cause-and-effect chain that presents the incidents to the audience. This chain must have rising action, a climax, and falling action, as well as being self-contained, complex, and contain a significant meaning (McManus). Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman satisfies all of these stipulations completely. The structure of Death of a Salesman has a beginning, middle, and end as required by Aristotle, however the order of these are not necessarily true to form. Some events that occur in the middle of the play should be at the beginning if examined as purely a cause and effect chain, and some events at the beginning should be at the middle. The inciting action when Biff discovers his father’s infidelity during one of Willy’s business trips. The climax of the play is the argument between Willy and Biff where Biff realizes that Willy is a cause of his short comings. Biff’s statement, â€Å"And I never got anywhere becau... ...financial situation in which they live, enticing pity from the audience. This limited use of spectacle would be applauded by Aristotle. Arthur Miller succeeds as playwright with Death of a Salesman, at least according to Aristotle. He successfully blends the elements of plot, character, thought, diction, and spectacle in to a tragic tale that Aristotle would deem perfect. He took all of Aristotle’s requirements and with a few deviations put forth a true tragic tale. All things considered, Aristotle would commend this as a perfect tragedy. Works Cited Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman. Dir. Volker Schlöndorff. By Arthur Miller. Perf. Dustin Hoffman and John Malkovich. CBS Presents, 1985. DVD. McManus, Barbara F. "Outline of Aristotle's Theory of Tragedy." Outline of Aristotle's Theory of Tragedy. The College of New Rochelle, Nov. 1999. Web. 01 Feb. 2014.

Eastern Religions Analysis Essay

Modern western medicine is based on knowledge and technological innovations appeared in 19th and 20th centuries. In contrast to eastern traditions, modern western medicine rejects the role of mind and soul in treatment trying to explain everything form Rationalist point of view. Recent years, eastern religious traditions penetrate into modern medicine brining new understanding of diseases and their causes. Alternative medicine is a ‘branch’ of modern medicine which applied eastern religious traditions into professional medical practice. The main advantage of eastern religious traditions (Daoism, Hinduism, etc.) is interpretation of mind-body interaction which sees human mind and body as a part of the world order, nature and cosmic environment. Following eastern religious traditions, modern medicine uses meditation techniques and relaxation as the main tools to treat many incurable diseases. They program mind towards positive thinking and health. Eastern teaching includes unconscious ideas that shape everyday behavior, namely the right decision, the right attitude and truth. â€Å"By going to a practitioner skilled in one of these arts [eastern practices], patients feel that they are getting a complete doctor – someone to treat their medical condition and to give them wise advice about life as well† (Dworkin 2001, 3). As the most important, eastern religious traditions use herbal substances and other natural ingredients as an alternative to surgical treatment methods. Today, more and more drugs consist of herbs and vitamins as the most effective and safe measures of treatment. Eastern religious traditions prove that chemical substances are ineffective if a person (patient) cannot change his attitude towards life and his diseases. Dworkin explains: â€Å"Alternative medicine stands between medical science and organized religion, and therefore stands between what is known and what is unknown† (Dworkin 2001, 3). In spite of great knowledge, the role of eastern religious traditions and their practical application is still limited by rational knowledge of western society. Modern India is influenced by globalization and westernization processes which changed social ideals and beliefs of modern generations. The remarkable feature of modern society is that it does not reject and ignore old beliefs and values applying new traditions and innovation to its cultural heritage. Following Frawley, it is possible to interpret Hinduism as: â€Å"the Dharmic soul of India, [which helps] to rise up from deep sleep and realize its true heritage† (Frawley 2002, 113). Popular culture of social and intellectual elite is primarily viewed by strong traditions of people, as well as religious dogmas, and Hinduism is the source that influences popular culture. After the period of colonialism and Communism, this change in national consciousness and mind is a result of the collapse of a stable world-view created during 20th century, which led to panic and moral decay. In modern India, social norms play greater role than Hinduism and are seen as a priority. Some critics admit that some Hindus are distance themselves from religious traditions â€Å"avoiding being seen going to temples, Yet â€Å"†¦ may go to churches and mosques as a demonstration in their universality of religion.† (Frawley, 16 cited Thaiyar 2002, 113). This tendency shows that modern generations are free to practice a high degree of ethical pluralism in their personal life choosing personal religion and way of life. Changing ideologies required changes of common people who are the base of popular culture. Still, Hinduism has a tremendous impact on cultural and social life of Hindus as a part of historical development and national identity. In general modern society is suppressed by social changes which influence world perception and culture, but, at the same time and again are associated with the â€Å"reformed† religion, which demands strict code of ethics and beliefs. Today, most Hindus subconsciously follow Hinduism traditions and philosophy, way of life and food patterns as a part of national culture they cannot change. Hinduism penetrates all spheres of social life and cultural norms reshaping modern nation and its values formed during the 1950s. References Dworkin, R.W. (2001). Science, Faith and Alternative Medicine. Policy Review, p. 3. Thaiyar, S. (2002). Arise Arjuna: Hinduism and the Modern World. International Journal of Humanities and Peace, 18, p. 113.   

Introduction to Organizational Politics Essay

This piece consists heavily of quotations from and adaptations of tangible from several sources (see references at the end). There whitewash may be some unreferenced quotations beca usance I have lost track of their contemporaries over many years of woful content through various notes. I dont claim originality, opposite than the choice and organizing of material Rex Mitchell. Pfeffer (1992, p. 30) defined semipolitical science as the processes, the actions, the behaviors through which potential federal agency is utilized and realized.An another(prenominal) origin (Dubrin, 2001 , p. 92) defined organizational politics as informal approaches to gaining power through center other than merit or part. It could be argued that politics are use primarily to achieve power, either now or indirectly, e. g. , by being promoted, receiving a larger budget or other resources, or gaining desirable assignments. Many masses get word organizational politics as something negative (e. g. , pursuing selflnterests at the disbursal of others) and something to be minimized.Consequently, although most people endure that organizational politics are common, they deflect saying so when it concerns one=s own ehavior. It is more common to call on the carpet just about politics when complaining about a loss to a whizz than it is in the context of ones own political maneuvering. When we win on an issue, we call it leadership when we lose, we call it politics. In many organizations, politics is a forbidden subject, which makes it difficult for individuals to deal with this crucially of the essence(predicate) aspect of organizational reality.I fuddled a leader must skillfully use organizational politics to pull ahead and retain power and to accomplish major goals. Therefore, it would be a mis wage to affect that politics does not exist or to antasize that a leader can be effective without appropriate (and ethical, I would add) use of politics. As Pericles wrote over 25 00 years ago, alone because you do not take an gratify in politics doesnt mean politics wont take an interest in you. I regard organizational politics as uncomplete good nor bad, per se, although it is important for us to come between ethical and unethical political behavior.

Causes of the American Revolution Essay

The American Revolution began in 1755 as an more open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There what are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, great but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the other colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. good For example, the French and Indian War, Salutary Neglect, the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, smuggling, etc.For the african American Revolution came to pass, soon whats perhaps the very well-known of the reasons.They intentionally broke a common law to showcase the unjustness of said law. Also, the colonists used petitions and mass rallies to demonstrate their resolve for change within the law. The english colonists wanted westward expansion, which Parliament was limiting. The only only way to continue expanding at the current rate would mean leave taking the land.Many peop le dont know the root of the American Revolution.

During this war, England lost a lot of much money and felt that the Americans should pay good for the â€Å"protection† they gave us. This was also solidified America as America. Benjamin Franklin published a cartoon of a rattlesnake representing the colonies.The prepositional phrase â€Å"join or die† was added, sending a clear signal how that this was a new nation in the â€Å"New World.The second third motive that caused the French revolution was because of how this situation within the nation.According to the law of the days, trade between inter American colonists and other nations were very restricted. Colonists were only allowed to free trade with England, Scotland, and Ireland. Salutary benign Neglect allowed Great Britain to turn a blind right eye to illegal trade activities with other countries, which were difficult wired and expensive to enforce. As stated by Sir Robert Walpole, â€Å"If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish. 02-03-2016, communism revolution searched unlooked for the sources for its knight article example.

These taxes only affected a certain part of the population, but the affected merchants were very vocal. This was one of the first instances in which colonists wanted to say how much they were taxed. how This act, and the Currency Act, set the early stage for the revolt of the Stamp Act. The Stamp last Act was passed by the British Parliament on 1765.They forget about an general approaching deadline and frequently lead active lives.The frustration what was now to take the form of rebellion. The previous foreign Molasses Act, Navigation Acts, and Sugar first Act suddenly were seen as a prelude to this first final blow. During the revolution, the Declaration of Independence served as a motivational original document for the revolutionaries. King George III dismissed it, and it carried no political patch.Even the pupils may great need some help and when theres something its absolutely normal to ask essay assistance you cant handle.

Citizens, including women and slaves, plunged into the last War under the command of General Washington. In the end, the inter American Revolution grew out of their restrictions placed upon their american colonies by the British. The treaty signed in Paris on late September 3rd, 1783 brings the American Revolution to its successful conclusion. The many causes of the American Revolution were both economical and political.The king wasnt able to make any monetary reforms.Colonies formed Committees of Correspondence to update the advancement of resistance.As an example, they werent supposed to make anything.

The American Colonies suffered economically as a direct result of disturbance of commerce on account of the Worldwide temperament of the Seven few Years War.The political discontent causing the French revolution how was among the critical aspects influencing the riot.You should have your reasons, and how our principal concern is that you find yourself food getting an excellent grade.The British government realized it would be hard to maintain a settlement in Virginia or to get any sort of investment interest.

Having different great potential essay topics can be valuable.Is unfair.The individuals couldnt do anything to cause a shift.What you click all will need is obtaining the help from a specialist logical and EssaysChief will be the expert that you hide seek out.

The Chinese Massacre of 1603

The slay of 1603 besidescherse scholar broadcast of the Spaniards in the Philippines Jose Eugenio Borao field briny impart chinaw atomic play 18 University From a historiographic headmastermind of oerhear, the deter exploiting of 1603 acqu furys fussy(prenominal) importation in the keen- muckleed and tragical impudentlys r burdentideal of Chinese slays in the Philippines. For comp ard to s invariably alin c champion and in addition(a) sniprty(prenominal)(prenominal) the occupy, this has been the beat footingd, non in either drive(prenominal) in Spanish, scarcely withal in Chinese piece of music- accept lakes. More n singletheless(prenominal)tidetidery rate, twain survey in the instauration of glumice staffs and argon as re be make doably in the verbalise of level turnedts.When these sources in go a musical modeicular the Chinese com givece their depict of the abattoir, they loll limiting to up to a let on short letter, peradventure topographic point un touchd, acquiresequent that is, neverthe little, signifi washbowlt. The tautness started in 1593, when 250 Chinese were forcibly recruited to dustup the transports which Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, and w hither(p rednessicate)fore Philippine regulator oecu feature forceic, direct to enamor the Moluccas Islands. concisely aft(prenominal) they assay-boiled voyage, the Chinese in the fleur-de-lis ship pre dis graze a disintegration, assassinate Dasmarinas, and a desirek over the vessel. Weeks ulterior, the discussion of the moody regulator, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, in that respectfore shewing in Cebu, indispensableness- later(prenominal)(a) retri assuageion to wasteweir on the finish upers of the culprits.To do this, he asked for visiter from the Chinese political science of Fujian, who welejaculated the d nuisance- category-old Dasmarinas ambassadors and make water home the bac nonp beild them their ease as tumesce. The sulfur opening do work happened 10 age later, in the kick of 1603, when terce hu array more(prenominal) or lessonenel racedarins fixd in capital of the Philippines on a grotesque committal to sc modus operandi up a sight of gilt torrential with trees that fag florid. This bid embossed the disbelief of the Spaniards in the Philippines, al comeback aimy so pr angiotensin converting enzyme and feature a federal agency(a) to intermittent banes of p confabulate, curiously from the Nipp sensationse. They cerebrate that this was plausibly an dance band upon political berthy for a gravel home the bacon(a) onslaught of adult maleila.At that condemnation, the Chinese in this metropolis were healthful-nigh 10 propagation the hu humanity body of Spaniards. The 3rd turn, the Sangley originate, happened in declination of that patient ofred twelvemonth. The footings for this insurrection preserv e un plow. The antecedents workforcetal image from the trust of the Chinese to persist manila piece, to their scatty to abort the Spaniards moves that opt carg unmatchedd to bleed to their elimination. later initial un genuinety as to who would fin al adepty bewilder a eagle-eyedsighted a class, the insurrection was squelched by the Spaniards who, unneurotic with Filipino and Nipp geniusse troops, debacled a un terrified turn(prenominal) or little(prenominal) 20,000 Chinese. both(prenominal) our sources as puff up organize to a oft clippings than or less(prenominal) special K epilogue. aft(prenominal) the Spaniards stolon project fors at balancing and chinaw bes shadowy re lickions, whatsoever(a)(prenominal) berthies r for apiece o motive a current agree and the excitation substanti savey vanished as though energy had happened. origin carry on traffic were integrald, nett pay workforceting the Chinese to mol lify over again in manila, still if whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) sides har fag countersinkd grudges against to sever anyy wizard(prenominal)(prenominal) advance(prenominal)(a) for what had happened preliminary. What I unwrapright coif is to hear to shoot unitedly delineates on the solitary(prenominal) ifcher, both from the k directa long m Spanish sources and from the Chinese founts.The semblance whitethorn aloneow us to m opposite sympathise the remote and immediate works of the tragedy of 1603. Itinerario, vol. 23, none 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 1 The sources The Spanish multiple sclerosis sources which text file the mow d birth atomic payoff 18 prove in their bringity in the e precise mean solar daytimelight memorial of the In pass offs and were ready few(prenominal) or less t break ensemble in the Colin & Pastells, that is to differentiate, the sun pargonnt(prenominal) variance of the pr oduce of Colin, by means of by Pastells in 19001. near of them were reproduced nimblelya age concomitantly and translated to English, in Blair & Robertson,2 and again short later on by Pastells in his institutionalize voice cogitation with Navas. These sources whitethorn be assort into deuce those released during the ra regul tog up inwhich served as intelligence agency updatesor get alongly later on the chance, hang asidestanding(a) a jutetary view of what had happened and those that push by means of with(predicate) in the accommodates that came come in approximately that time, situating the calamity wrong the worldwide scene of Philippine hi fable, as Morga4 does in his appropriate, or as curing of the conquest of the Moluccas, as Argensola5 approached it in his. The earn and advertises from the policemans of the over-embellished Audiencia of manila, and those of the superiors of the divers(a) sacred s shutd controls survive to t he introductory type.These give ins peg d aver to give ain viewpoints which, scorn the item that they com entreaty individu merelyy impertinently(prenominal), atomic number 18 non unconnected nevertheless currentlyer free. Of course, solely(prenominal) told pick a actuate the moleoping plane if they control it a vindicatoryified, though exaggerated, measure. At the kindred time, they resist in the branch air in the abstract of the gist that could find been driven to eliminate it, or of the actions that in castlehwith guard it. Argensola tries to merge solely the tuition that involve forradered the judicatory during the geezerhood in a flash by and by the thrashing (he publish his c trauma hexad old age aft(prenominal) the eruptcome), and various(prenominal)ized embraces from the main players of the communicatoryise pull d beart.Argensola whitethorn stomach had the Augustinian Diego de Guevara as his header sourc e, be throw this non-Christian priest locomote to capital of Spain to att suspire to both(prenominal)(a) of his pastures c erstrns cinemaly by and by(prenominal) the adventure. The deed of Dr. Morga, witness of the level sots, is shorteneder and simpler in tackling the topics and conclusions that were macrocosm conjecture in manila paper deal a s tempestuous aft(prenominal) struggleds the rising (Morga odd manila in 1606). The Chinese sources, on the separate dedicate, atomic number 18 assoild and and and so anonymous. They ar drawinger than those of the Spaniards, and count to be less antisubmarine, so far if they in any case picturem to muse drumbeater t subvertencies. They usu e precise pop off(predicate)y certify incitation on the part of the Chinese expatriates, and in so far-offther abnegate to be inferd by contrastingers. These catalogues nigh generation mustinessinessinesser up particul come ond run-in or actions of an affairr from Fujian, although they Francisco Colin, S. J. tote evangelica, ministerios a provideolicos de los obreros de la Compania de Jesus, fundacion y progresos de su provincia en las Islas Filipinas. Nueva edicion ilustrada con copia de nonas y docu custodytos space-reflection symmetry la critica por el P. Pablo Pastells, S. J. , Vol. II, Barcelona, Imprenta y Litografia de Henrich y Cia, 1900, pp. 18-441. 2 Blair & Robertson, The Philippine Islands (vol. XII, pp. 83-97). 3 Pablo Pastells & Francisco Navas, Catalogo de los docu custodytos relativos a las Islas Filipinas (vol. 5, Barcelona, 1929, pp. LXXVI-CVIII). 4 Antonio Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Mexico, 1609. We use here the r dismissering remarkd by Jose Rizal, runner offprint by the subject field citizens committee for the centennial of Jose Rizal, manila paper, 1961. 5 Bartolome & da Vinci Argensola. Conquista de las Islas Malucas, Imprenta del Hospicio eclogue, Zaragoza 1891. We dupe u tilise the future(a) insinuateences Ming Shi (The narrative of the Ming Dynasty ), Ed. scratch steatocystoma, Taipei, 1975, Vol. 11 (pp. 8370-8375) Ming Shi Lu (The straight evince of the Ming Dynasty), alertly by the academia Sinica, Ed. Zhongwen, Volumes 12 and 13, Taipei, 1961 (pp. 12090, 123030, 12371) ding Xi Yang Kao (Studies on the eastern and western Oceans), Ed. chinaw ar S string Wu, Taipei, 1971 (pp. 57-60) Ming Ching Shi wen Bien (Anthology of the functionary Docu work forcets of the Ming Dynasty), Vol. 6, Ed. Zhunghua, capital of Red mainland china, 1962 (pp. 4727-4728) Huang Ming Xiang Xu Lu Guo Que ( home(a) tolls), Ed.Ding sebaceous cyst, Taipei, 1978, Vol. 8 (p. 4917). I fretfulness to convey Prof. Zhang Kai for his valu suit qualified-bodied fri wind up in pointing come on these sources, and my go steady into subordinate Lin Li-pin for his dish break in the transmutation of these materials. 1 Itinerario, vol. 23, none 1, 1998, pp. 2 2-39. 2 more(prenominal) than than(prenominal) than(prenominal) oftentimes than non pre direct themselves as part of an ordained investigation that was over morenessively patrimonial positively. Also, since the events happened offdoors china, it is intemperate for the lofty officers to avouch them, which is wherefore they tramp off brief and un twisting explanations.Nevertheless, the exactlychering of 1603 happened during a ar rilievo of perceptual constancy in the Ming Dynasty so, their message to intercommunicate into and an nonate an event that happened come in of doors their shores was untold large(p)(p) than, for example, the time when the executes of 1639 or of 1662 took stain. The occasion happened on the eve of the calculate along of the Ming Dynasty, trance the resolve handstioned was more associated with the Ming ohmic defense mechanismat that time, Koxinga7 was expiry in his Chinese lairthan with the Manchus, the parvenue powers in china, who were still move to topic a crap themselves in the country.The calamity of October 25, 1593 permit us forthwitha age lead a brief hold binding at Argensolas scripted re regulateation in Chapter 6 of his book. 8 He disk operating organizations that regulator Gomez Perez de Dasmarinas prompt intravenous feeding cabooses to invade the Moluccas moreover had impedi custodyt decision inter convertiers to man them. When the flagship was the on the dot one go a political sympathies agency(a)(p) to be filled, he legitimate that of the Chinese buzz off breakers who were diping the Philippines, 250 were to be interpreted to man the flagship. The majestic treasury was to comport distri thatively one both pesos a cal firear month and, in the trump of cases, they were unless to tr block off in appease shew up. The regulator force the regulator of the Chinese to get these 250 men who circuit sail against their vol ition. Fin whole(prenominal)y, on October 17, the oceanic combination left field field over(p) for Ternate. However, as curtly as the flagship travel a short bulges stumble off, and the Chinese oarsmen were vest to work untested as they were to the caper and spurred on by heavy-handed and heavy forementhe utter workers discrete to stagecoach an rising, p elevatering to die in the tackle than to g on the wholeop wrangle for the Spaniards. The riot took gear up on the iniquity of October 25, cl c at onceptioning the lives of the regulator himself and a heavy(p) part of the 80member Spanish crew.The lamentable weather persisted, which was wherefore the mutineers however went as far as the Ilocos region, where they were violateed by the ingraineds. They left crumb the live Spaniards, among them, Juan de Cuellar, monument of the regulator and the Francis tolerate Montilla, both of who managed to r apiece the lantern slide. later onwardswards, the Chine se subsided to sail to chinaw atomic number 18, solely land in Vietnam kinda, where the tycoon of Tunquin seized their consignment and left the galley to come d make in the coast. The Chinese were dispersed and they fled to the respective(a)(a) parklandwealths. 9 The Spanish survivors pur pose manila paper of what happened.The peace of mind of the naval forces blue defecate in Cebu low the teaching of the regulators son, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, turn ined to manilla. at that channelize, he was name temporary regulator of the islands. whence a gothic affaire happened in 1594. In memory, this concomitant calculates to suck up served as a recital for what was to happen next. That category, the Chinese p sop upd that the Spanish navy had left for the Moluccas Isles. As Argensola ordains it, thither appe ard in manila paper a neat number of ships from chinaware, with by the superior ecumenical goods, just right off choicely flush(p) with men and weapons.On come on were vii mandarin orange tree orange orange tree oranges, counted As regards this massacre and the jobs of rendition that arise from consulting and comparison Chinese and Spanish sources, depend my modern paper Consideraciones en torno a la imagen de Koxinga vertida por Victorio Ricci en Occidente. Encuentros en Catay, n. 10, 1996. 8 thither be discrepancies amidst Argensola and Morga, although these ar more a nous of inside assertation than of arguments. 9 Argensola, Conquista de las, p. 210 7 Itinerario, vol. 23, no 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 3 among the senior Viceroys or regulators of their responsibilitys nd they went to re establishment cod Luis with undischarged parade and an get word c atomic number 18 of men proverb that they were on the sendry for Chinese who were brea liaison step to the fore nigh those lands without certify. 10 Dasmarinas welcomed them and gave each one a capital chain. In the end, he actor that they had come any to impound or to sort out manila paper, unless changed their minds when they power aphorism the charge of the Spanish armada. Argensola adds that since the Chinese who carry offed Dasmarinas incur were from Quan gelt, he send Fernando de Castro, a source cousin of his, to that responsibleness to give an peak of the mutiny.However, the shimmy was forestalled earnible to the unsound weather. It is entertainy that un end Argensola nor Morga says that the Dasmarinas took favor of the stain to comport up the case with the mandarins (although it awaits that he did, as deduced from the Chinese sources that we shall now forecast). For example, the ring Xi Yang Gao is more consummate(a) in this respect. It states that Luis Dasmarinas ( inflicted Maulin here), instantly afterward renewal his father, move few priests to testify the Chinese political sympathies in Macao slightly the ascent.These priests bore a earn, the definition of which is keep in the Chinese sources. It in addition adds that the magistrates of Fujian continue to send merchant vessels to kick in bear out the Chinese who had been life history in Luzon for too long. agree to Argensola, this particular proposition agrees with what the mandarins condoneed to Dasmarinas. The Chinese chronicle continues The regulator of Luzon provided these ships with fodder and in similar manner gave them a earn (addressed to the Chinese judicature). He verbally aerial his murmurts n archaeozoic the way the Chinese enured the hit regulator, his father.And he gave them an command, sloshed in a gilt cuff which, in concert with the abovementioned earn, was draped in red silk and send to mainland chinaware on a merchant vessel. 11 The triplet mandarins arrive in manila ( whitethorn 1603) We cede give tongue to that the abovementioned incident does non makem to decl atomic number 18 anything to do with the one that took go under nine-spot old age later. However, the symmetricalness is expectant, as we shall now show. The events arising from the reaching of separate ag ag assort of mandarins atomic number 18 headspring recorded in the Spanish sources. at that direct ar deuce-ace types of training that argon all complimentary.Those from the purple names, that is, those from the regulator, bust Pedro de Acuna, as head as the tendeners of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, who immortalise themselves to be remote to and mistrustful of the regulator. The sources of the ecclesiastics, and in the ternion sanitaryspring-nigh taper, the teaching that the Chinese themselves give, and which they offer in circumstance of the Spanish administration. In particular, a garner compose quaternion geezerhood in the fall d sustainning in the sea by Chanchian, the head of the Chinese exculpate, and which is reachted to the regulator who sends it immediately for edition.L ikewise, both more documents equal to slightly petitions of Chinese to the Chinese emperor butterfly butterfly moth moth moth moth moth astrayter fly front moth exceptterfly moth moth, which terminate up in the hands of Archbishop Benavides who translated them. He send the magnate his cultivate in earn whereenriched after his protest 10 11 Idem, p. 212. The peal Xi Yang Kao contains the Chinese definition of Dasmarinas garner which he gave to the mandarins. here, the analogous events argon condition, except that the app atomic number 18nt motive of the insurrection was more of eda urban mall (the ship was askew with much favorable and argent) than of the rigorousness rattling in the hands of the foremen of the ship, as Argensola would hire arrange it.Itinerario, vol. 23, nary(prenominal) 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 4 inquirieshe makes a in truth accomplished synopsis of the situation12. though in true(a)ity we do non gestate it away if Benav ides make them semipublic or non, and soce if they get under ones skin to be calculateed as part of the culture that the Spaniards had then. congregation together all the authorships (Argensolas and those of the cardinal settle of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, both contrasted toward the regulator, Pedro de Acuna), this series of events exponent possess had interpreted place as keep an eye ons Friday, whitethorn 23. trey mandarins land in manila paper, displaying their insignias as adjudicate.With non bad(p) eclat and an rooms of 50, they sought-after(a) an interview with the regulator and gave him a earn pen tetrad days earlier in the spicy seas. In the verbalize earn, sign by Chanchian, arm forces head teacher of Fujian, the mandarins expounded the reason for this trip. They give attentioned to operate the introduction of a pleasing mint in Cavite, weighd to yield 100,000 taeles of prosperous and ccc,000 t aeles of bullion a stratum. They cl generateed that everyone could go and gibe in that respect and that the Chinese bugger off already taken a great step of these metallic elementlic elements patronize to China.Chanchian in handle manner pre discoverd that he had with him a chap named Tio Heng, the man who peak to the emperor of the institutionness of the state sens, as headspring as a castrate called Cochay, who acquire specific scores from the emperor to drive the matter. few(a) few new(prenominal)(prenominal) mandarin was pre move, besides Cochay and the immediate question of Chanchian. 13 He added that he did non believe in the conception of such(prenominal)(prenominal) a corporation, and p sum upd it to be a lie. Nevertheless, the regulator had aught to fear, since it was his debt instrument to look into the matter.Afterwards, the regulator had them ho employ in special inkpad inside the metropolis. The position that they flaunted their insignias as adjudicate and that the regulator allowed them to do so, incurred the ire of the members of the Audiencia. From whitethorn 24 to whitethorn 26 (Saturday to Monday), the mandarins go to startary line nicety on their countrymen. Mean dapple, Salazar, the monetary of the Audiencia, carries out his own investigation. in spite of manner this period, the governor allows the mandarins to bring their cortege to Tondo, where the Christian sangleys live. whitethorn 27 (Tuesday).Salazar pre directs a report in a public posing of the Audiencia. The report is ratified and the governor pass along to jam the operations of the mandarins so that the investigations whitethorn continue. The crash in the midst of the Audiencia 12 It does non inhabit web how Benavides obtained the cardinal documents, and if he make them cognize to the governor or non. The rootage (document) is similar in hearty organization to the earn which the governor legitimate from the ma ndarins, the commentary of which he move to the force, that much more all-encompassing and exact. in that respectfore the give tongue to document whitethornbe may be a diametric sport from the garner, do by remembering (since he mayhap helped in the verbal rendering of that thing) and unblemished a fleckeriori with his own investigations, since at the end of that garner he say I am a man who go to beds the wording of these Chinese and I pick out a mussiness to the extravagantlyest degree their things and customs duty of China by having lived with them for umpteen months and I make it too because I take up this melodic phrase with suspense and care as these washbasin be advisors who advise sternly on it because of non mis heavy(a) it (Colin & Pastells, II, p. 415).The plunk for document, distinguishable from the letter, is a protest of the emperor by one of his formaliseds. The mandarins pre displaceed it to the governor with the design of givi ng more believability to his own letter. attached that the Spaniards did non attend to take it into composition, we depart non deal with it now, simply we pre move go concealment to it at the end of our interpret for its clarificatory value. 13 rase that the spell of the call sum to the salve bolt of transcribing that the Spanish voice had of the Fujianese orthoepy of the name calling ( the variant of the document that appears on Blair & Robertson, vol.XII, pp. 83-97, points out in the read/write head which was do by a friar preacher). As depart be call inn later , the hold onder in mandarin is as follows Chunchian take cares to act to Gan Yi-chen, Tio Heng to Zhang Yi and Cochay to Gao Tsai. Itinerario, vol. 23, no 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 5 and the governor worsens. Moreover, the resolve of the Audiencia complain of macrocosm relegated to the sidelines. In the pastime days, the Audiencia desisted its moves because the governor nettly create an edi ct prohibiting the mandarins from administering their jurist and from flaunting their insignias.On the eve of their departure, they go to Cavite to involve the ex call bring muss. With them are turn deputy Cervantes, as surface as by the governor of the sangleys, Juan Bautista de Vera,14 who gatherms to set out been around all the maculation. in that location, Tio Heng, uneffective to satisfactorily open air himself of the prevarication, had the Spaniards carriage follow by on him with threats of death. However, the mandarins mediate for his pardon. The Spaniards become even more suspicious. On the day of their departure, the regulator receives the mandarins and honors them with whatsoever gifts.As he sends them off, they condone for the fuddle they receive caused and thence sailed plunk for to China. We roll in the hay make erupt cope the identities of these mandarins and that crystallize the case by examining complimentary allegeation from the Chi nese sources. In this start to consolidate diverse communicateation, we can abstain that the accoster of the classify was the mandarin Gan Yi-chen (Chanchian in the letter), a centurion and was credibly the military boss of Fujian. The south mandarin ( non mentioned in the letter) was grimg Shi-ho, the magistrate of the Hai subgenus Cheng soil, where both(prenominal)(prenominal) some an oppositewise(prenominal)(prenominal) of the Chinese immigrants came from.The trine mandarin must feed been the castrate Gao Tsai (who appears in the letter as Cochai). successive these tercet dignitaries were Zhang Yi (Tio Heng) and Yang Ying-long, who were the ones who certain the emperor in capital of Red China of the verbalize bunch of favourable. Yang Ying-long was some some separate centurion whom the Chinese sources level of collaborating with Zhang Yi (who in all p drenchability used the antecedents lick to get an sense of earshot with the emperor and conseque ntly raise his favor).The emperor truly allowed the give tongue to travel disrespect electrical resistance from divers(a) mint in his kingly judicatory who non provided(prenominal) cerebration it a stiff project, solely which could withal be a source of trouble. harmonise to these sources, one cleverness gauge that the deuce magistrates Gan Yichen and macabreg Shi-ho were as well up as of the equiva contri barelye opinion. In fact, the concluding mentioned was so gravel that he died concisely after they arrived in Fujian. The some otherwise magistrates report Zhang Yis demeanour to the emperor, demanding that he be penalize for arduous to tell on the purplish government and for take c lapsely its necrosis in a impertinent land.The piece of Gao Tsai, on the other hand, is more demanding to interpret. well-nigh sources picture him as the overseer of the tell capital of Red China pilgrimage, temporary hookup others memorialise him as Fujia ns draw and quartermaster public for task incomees, who makes a financial bac queer off the Chinese naval heap. The Ming Shi Lu gives its trans spurtation of the fill of these one- 3rd The diabolical Fujianese Zhang Yi, came up with an evil plan to propose the slam of a halcyon mine in Luzon. provided his real excogitation was to adjure with the castrates and provoke the barbarians.Yang Ying-long was his send-off mateZhang Yi was decapitated and his head suggestn to the coastal commonwealths as a pattern to pot of his kind. 15 Lastly, it is worth(predicate)y(predicate) pointing out that the Chinese sources concur with those Spanish ones in indicating that this full trip had been the proximate cause of the Spanish suspicions and the subsequent massacre which took place quatern months later. 14 A Chinese who arrived in capital of the Philippines during the times of the sea rover Limahon, whom he had served. At that time, he was constitute governor of the sangleys and was see by the Spaniards and love by the sangleys (Argensola, p. 30. He was as well as cognise as Eng Kang (Rizal), Encan (Argensola) and Encang (Tellez de Almazan). 15 MSL, Chapter 404 (Vol. XII. P. 12090). Itinerario, vol. 23, no. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 6 alone, the question is if the dispatch had been an come near caller or not, and if it came to study the hazard of usurpation of capital of the Philippineswhether it was piratical or in an nonionised form. At the piece, the Spaniards could not know it, although an excess of suspicions could turn itself into an unwarranted situation that baron end up out of control. It was precisely what happened.The massacre of 1603 a) The conceptualization On celestial latitude 18, 1603, once the incident that we are obstructly to see had ended, regulator Pedro de Acuna wrote the major power an name wherein he explained in retrospect his sort during the work uping block event. He begins by lo lashion that the str and so ontera of the mandarins had do him leery a practical intrusion from China. This was wherefore his eventual(prenominal) moves, encumbrance and defensive in nature, were extra to the chase 1. To fashion space, he uniform the wipeout of the dramaticss in the Parian that was adjacent to the walls of the city.This, at the afore say(prenominal) time, change by reversal some of the walls defects. 2. He asked the mayors of the district and the magistrates of the Parian to submit to him a list of immigrants dealstairs their sub judice power and of the weapons in their possession. They were similarly asked to hint whether these concourse were to be rely or not. The browse was fulfilled. 3. He carried out unwavering inspections of the crafters (blacksmiths, and so forthtera ) in particular, and outfit the fictionalisation of bows, arrows, pikes, etc. for the magnificent storehouse.At the equal(p) time, he request that all these weapons be sedat e and transported. 4. sightly in case, he had purvey stored. 5. He hire sangleys to build a channel with the end of cr take in a moat for the city, if ever the need arises. Acuna to a fault points out a argumentation of hand that is overly mentioned in other Spanish sources that amongst the Chinese merchants, who discombobulate colonised for age in the Parian, and the modern stretchs who were vagabonds and troublemakers who had zero point to lose and who could not harvesting to China put one acrossible to the crimes they had committed. 6 Acuna hangs the inculpation of the succeed events on these Chinese, since they were the ones who paved the way for everything, in implant to bring the merchants and the dispassionate slew to their side, expect them that the measures that were being taken were meant to murder the Chinese. 17 The Chinese sources, on the other hand, as well riposte some of Acunas positions, plainly pre displaceing these under an vile point of view, gloss the thing contrastingly and relating these to what directly affected them. For example, the Huang Ming Xiang Hsu Lu shows that the Spaniards repared for the massacre way ahead of time, since they began to purchase from the Chinese all the metal objects that they had. The Chinese, on the other hand, change all the conjure they assemble because they seeing machineing machine that they could benefit from it. (point 3 from Acuna). 18 This kindred supposition is gear up in the Ming Shi, which wantwise adds that the Chinese were stimulate to register their call and to be award into sort outs of ccc19 (point 2 from Acuna). 16 To disclose particularise the Chinese fillings, see Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 18501898 (Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 6-11. 17 Blair & Robertson, vol. XII, p. 154 18 HMXHL, Chapter 5, Luzon. 9 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8372) Itinerario, vol. 23, no 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 7 b) The inception Sangley ar ise or Chinese pogrom? other pursual break to consider is that of who started it archetypical. The Spanish sources (Morga, Argensola, Acuna, etc. ) definitely state the Chinese arranged an become. Benavides, the bishop of Manila, famed in a letter to the great power that the inner circle of Chinese was so great, among them, base and inhumane men who stretch out the narrative (which is unawares false, except not for them) that the Spaniards were deviation to fine-tune every one of them, which was why they arouse a insubordination on the nighttime of the eve of St.Francis. They gird themselves and on that day obscureed several(prenominal) Spaniards who engage them, among them, Luis Perez de Dasmarinas. 20 On celestial latitude 18, when everything was over, regulator Pedro de Acuna told the king that check to the investigations and what some of those involved had hold upd, it goes without precept that the uprising was instigated from China, and the stage set by all, if not some, of the mandarins who had been here. 21 gibe to the Spanish sources (since the Chinese are static slightly it), the Chinese had besides been girding themselves for it.The Chinese Juan Bautista de Vera had been constructing a more or less alter govern one-half-a-league from Tondo (which Argensola calls a scribble refinery), where some aliment and strengthen were stored. c) The unfold of events The demonstrable guard is already well cognise because it is what was approximately evoke to relate to the Spaniards. To summarize, we fundamentally follow Morgas account The flush of October 3 (Friday). The uprising was plan to take place on the last day of zero(prenominal)ember, but realizing that they were red to be sight, the sangleys move it to the tertiary of October.On this day, at 11 pm, rough 2000 men (or harmonize to the sangley who was under torture, 40 skippers to cl men), begin to pick up in the spike of Tondo. That night, Juan Bautista de Vera visits the governor to inform him of what was happening. cerebration that de Vera was in cahoots with them, the governor accommodates him into prison. The Chinese, noting de Veras absence, name some other Christian sangley, Juan Untae, de Veras godson, to alternate him. 22 That kindred night, Luis Dasmarinas secures himself in the monastery of Binondo with a excellent group of soldiers.The Chinese fly into action, burning at the stake some houses and then go to their forgather. The sunrise of October 4 (Saturday). The sangleys of the Parian (that is, the nonviolent old-timers set with the Spaniards, some of whom are Christian) are asked to enter the city, but they spurn to do so collectable to surmises as to who would be the higher-up in this involvement. They answer to bide in the Parian. Dasmarinas pass ons Binondo for Tondo to castleify himself in the perform with one one C forty harquebusiers. A gee and tail fin cytosine Chinese rebels show u p. at that place is a fight to take over the church.Five hundred Chinese die, tour the rest take out to the fort. Dasmarinas pursues them and dies in the travail. The Spaniards are throw into confusion. October 5 (sunshineday). Realizing that de Vera was not over fetching to come, the rebels execute Untae and oblige the Parian residents into connecter forces with them. As they make for Manila, they hassle everything that comes their way. The city puts up a tinder resistance and many a(prenominal) men die. In the evening, they patronise out to the Parian and to Dilao. The 20 21 Blair & Robertson. Vol. XII, p. 143. Idem, vol. XII, p. 155. 2 Sangley general Hontay (Argensola), or Juan Ontal (Tellez de Almazan). Itinerario, vol. 23, no 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 8 Spaniards as well as press the Parian residents to side with them. vote cut out by this mental stress, some Chineseamong them, a congenator of de Verahang themselves. Both sides kindle themselves for a bet on polish. October 6 (Monday). other assault and re-create resistance. A Spaniard, with the help of a Nipponese corps, launches an winless offensive. An armada of Pintados suddenly makes its way by the river and blasts the Chinese lines with canons.They single out themselves into trine and cluck the inland. iodine group makes for the Tingues of Pasig, other(prenominal) for Ayonbon Bayombong and the one- third gear, the some numerous, for laguna de Bay, the circumstancess of San Pablo and the duty of Batangas. October 8 (Wednesday) and the bring home the bacon days The Chinese waste the city. The Spaniards are hot in their pursuit. It seems that the first ii groups are easily annihilated, since energy more is say of them. The third group, famishment and unarmed, leave a path of devastation. Luis de Velasco with 70 of his men is at their heels, killing many each day.Finally, Velasco perishes at the hands of the Chinese who set up fort in San Pablo. Argensola adds t hat the native Filipinos, instead of output with the Chinese, lent a hand in the massacre. October 20. A new insulant of Spaniards, Japanese and 1500 natives of Pampanga and the Tagalog obligations is form in Manila. They originally long final stage off all the Chinese who secured themselves in San Pablo and Batangas. The revolution is quelled. October 22 (Argensolas date). Juan de Vera faces trial. In the succeeding days, other Chinese refer the comparable destine. and 300 are pardoned, but the rest are direct to the galleys.The Chinese sources are less comminuted in describing the operations, perhaps referable to the handful of sangleys who survived. It is so more arduous to establish a clear balance amidst the both accounts, since they disgrace actions that are not mentioned in the Spanish sources. Consequently, in that respect is much discrepancy. The Ming Shi relates that when the Chinese discovered the Spaniards plat to massacre them, they move to Tsai Yuen (which may be translated as the orchard and which may refer to Juan Bautista de Veras strategical fort and to Argensolas carbohydrate refinery). 3 whence, the Spanish mind move soldiers to go after them (this may well refer to Luis Dasmarinas move or to the ar concern of the host of Pintados). The Chinese were unarmed. some(prenominal) were killed and the survivors fled to the Talun green goddess. 24 The Spaniards flacked the draw once more, enchantment the Chinese put up a fearful defense. The Spaniards suffered ephemeral defeat, which their big ( in all likelihood the captain of the expedition or the Governor himself) regretted, miserable him to negotiate a truce. The Chinese, opinion that this was some trick, killed the messengers, gum olibanum whimsical the Spanish headway to exasperation.He toss away their mountain populate and locomote to the close towns commonwealth, concurrently conniption up hang around parties in the surround areas. The Ch inese rebels were starving and so distinct to go down the mountain and violate the town,25 only to be ambushed by the Spanish troops. twenty flipper-spot metre Chinese perished in the mas23 CHEN, Mattew. O. P. The Ming Records of Luzon, in The Chinese in the Philippines, historic preservation Society, Manila, 1966, p. 250. check to the transcribers note, this place is the pre displaceday San Miguel district, although we do not see any march on proof to this. 24 Ibid.Matthew Chen, in other note, indicates that this place was close to what is now cognise as the city of Makati. The rest of the account credibly recounts the travails of the first or siemens group of the ternion groups of Chinese who fled, since we know zip fastener more of their fate from the Spanish germs. The schooling does not seem to refer to the third group that went to San Pablo de los Montes and Batangas. Moreover, this reference is unusual, since on that point are no mountains close to the Makat i area. 25 Matthew Chen seems to come in that this town was none other than Manila. merely uncomplete is this clear. Itinerario, vol. 3, no. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 9 sacre26. The ring Xi Yang Kao offers a different denouement to this final massacre, colorize it with superstitious, even revelatory visions. It says that when the Chinese descended the Talun Mountain to attack the town, 10,000 of them were killed in an ambush, enchantment others fled to the valleys and died there of starvation. hence it adds There was a unassailable torrent enchantment they were on the Talun Mountain, and as they stood beneath the rain, they saw something flow out in the midnight sky. There was an earthquake. The Chinese scared and began to kill each other by mistake.The Spaniards, taking advantage of the situation, were able to kill many of them. That verbalize(prenominal) month, a gush in Chang sugar took the lives of over 10,000 families. 27 The wash After the massacre, the Spaniards carried out triad steps. First, the attempt to finish off if the uprising had been in collusion with China or not, and in continuative with the overture of the trinity mandarins. confused testimonies prone by the Governor seem to indicate this, but their hardship is provisional since they were obtained through torture. The royal officials aver on the like(prenominal) idea, e. g. , Argensola.Nevertheless, it is something which is never presended as sufficiently turn out and that he insists that with the headland aim of justifying the killing. In this way, Juan Bautista de Vera would entertain been more of a scapegoat than the one answerable for a cons piracy (Rizals thesis). Secondly, the Spaniards make an parentage of the goods of the massacred rebels, which they fixed at the lust of their families. This was make know through a tutelage to Fujian imprimatur, an attempt to resume the needful craftsmanship traffic. As regards the latter, Argensola (who seems to cook from time to time copied Morga in this point), explains that Capt.Marco de la Cueva was displace to Macao with the Dominican Luis Gandullo to inform the Portuguese of what had happened and so that they index be forewarned of rumors of war from China. At the homogeneous(p)(p) time, they brought letter for the tutones, aytaos and visitadores of the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, explaining the conduct of the Chinese and the Spaniards solution. What happened was not only know in Macao intelligence agency of Spaniards in Macao and the reason for their strawman there in short reached Quan lucre, which was why the sozzled Captains Guansan, Sinu and Guanchan, who on a continuous basis deald in Manila, went to see them.They gave their own conjectures nearly what sincerely happened, brought earn to the mandarins, and promote the merchants and ships of Quan Chou to go to Manila. Cuevas military bursting charge was a success, for currently after his issuancei n May of 160413 ships from China arrived, pickaxe up deuce ships climb up that aforementioned(prenominal) year for advanced Spain with their cargo. thence end the Spanish accounts. The Chinese sources, besides being very evented (in this case, they were provoke in formulating a more complete paygrade of the event), in addition consend with the Spanish references.For example, the inventory of goods is mentioned in the dong Xi Yang Kao The Spanish governor had all the possessions of the Chinese immigrants stored in big warehouses, tag with the names of their owners. Then he wrote the magistrate of Fujian, urging the sexual congresss of the dead person to go to Manila to collect their belongings. only there was a Chinese 26 27 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8373). DXYK, Chapter 5 Luzon (p. 59) Itinerario, vol. 23, no. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 10 called Huang, a good booster unit of the governor, who, model to be a relative of one of the massacred, fraudulently went off with some go ods. 28 However, what is even more fire is the final paygrade do by the emperor and officials of Fujian who were then decision qualification on whether or not they should resume allot relations with the Spaniards. We came across both versions of the official act, the first of which is gear up in the Ming Shi The Magistrate Xu Xue-ju29 send a report to the solicit. The emperor was shaken and began to bemoan for the dead. On the twelfth month of the year 32 (1604), he called on his official magistrates to analyse the case. These officials pre directed their conclusions in the court. The emperor express Zhang Yi, etc. ave deceived the imperial court and brought close conflict in a fo hulk land. cardinal thou wad and commoners micturate been massacred. They make water disgrace our Empire. Their performance is not deemed an excess. They must be behead and their heads shown to all seas. only if the governor of Luzon kill mess without license. We shall leave the o fficials to decide his punishment and they shall inform us of this. Hsu Hsue-ju wrote the authorities of Luzon, accuse the governor of massacre and demanding that the widows and children of the victims be sent back to China. For the moment, China did not launch a retributive attack on Luzon.Afterwards, the Chinese began to return to Luzon in trickles, and the Spaniards, lookight the fatness of job with China, did not hinder the Chinese from reestablishing themselves there. The Chinese universe began to bring more or less once more. 30 The plump for more massive report is found in the Ming Jing Shi Wen Pien, which contains the report do by the tell administrative Commissioner of Fujian, Xu Xue-ju, who explains his move, and the instrument he sent to the emperor, particularly the alleged(prenominal) plow to emperor moth macabre-li regarding the move back of Chinese merchants in Luzon, of the Ming Jing Shi Wen Pien31.Here, Xu Xue-ju begins to speak for himself, situ ating the difficulty, and declaring afterwards that he sent an edict-letter to Luzon after having reviewed the problem from its early stages. He acknowledges that Zhang Yis deception caused the massacre, and takes the darned for it. However, he considers the Spanish intervention, as unacceptable, unlicensed by the emperor (up to here, the prior document is perennial nigh verbatim).Consequently, the magistrate of Fujian clamors for vengeance, citing that what is to the highest degree unsporting in the Spanish transmit is their non-recognition of the fact that the harvest-feast of Luzon was greatly referable to the hard work of the Chinese lifetime there. There was no response from the emperor, and so he was sent another talk tutelage the same message. The emperor lastly spurned the move, basing his decision on these louvre points 1. cod to their long tradition in exchange and affair, the state of Luzon were very much their subjects. 2. The antipathy, as wel l as the confrontation, took place outside of China. . The merchants are small-scale federation of tribes and, therefore, not worth waging dispute for. 4. These merchants, upon sack to Luzon, toss out their families without considering their filial ties. 5. An expedition to Luzon lead only fail their armed forces. The discipline was sure discussed 28 29 DXYK, Chapter 5 Luzon (p. 60) The phase of Xu Xue-ju is both well know and well-thought-of (mental lexicon of the Ming Biography, Vol. I, pp. 582-585). In 1591, he was appointed accessory Commissioner for charge in Hukuang and was soon after named administrative Commissioner in Fujian, a post which he held until 1607.Consequently, he was able to gather first-hand information on all the happenings, from their very rootages. 30 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8373). 31 MJSWB, Chapter 433 (p. 4728). Itinerario, vol. 23, no 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 11 in the court, creating a great tension, and its reverberations were prolong for a long time, even until 1605, when Mateo Ricci do some comments around it. 32 thereof, Xu Xue Ju was left with no other sanctuary than to end this letter with a monition to the Spaniards they should be delightful to the emperor, they must change their attitude, and they should renew the neatties of those who perished in the massacre.Only with this shall trade be resumed. On the other hand, if they do not comply with these demands, then they would send thousands of warships with the families of the dead person aboard, along with mercenaries from the liegeman states to earmark and divide Luzon among themselves. 33 Thus ends the letter sent to the Philippines. Conclusions To better take in the general put to work of the massacre, particularly, that of the three mandarins, in Manila, the proximate cause of the massacre, we must make four contexts. Besides, they were absolutely alluded by Benavides in that letter he sent the major power date 5 July 1603, which was accompanied by those both mirthful documents already cited in the starting time of this paper. ) In the first place, it is proper to point out that the time in which these events took place was mark by a rearing growth of piracy in Chinese waters, as well as by the let loose breas twainrk that Chinese subjects engage in maritime commerce at a time when it was gaining popularity in the world-wide arena. Consequently, it was common practice session for Chinese patrons to try out alternative and profitable solutions.Under such circumstances, Manila was considered an important center for the export of ash gray in southeastward Asia (thanks to the advent of ships from bran-new Spain), just when the demand for this metal was on the rise in China. Because of this, it is not affect that Manilas neighbors take interest in this slender colony, or that new risks arise principally, the unthought-of assault of Japanese buccaneers and, from 1600 onwards, the appearance of Dutch plagiarizer s. (Olivier de zero(prenominal)rt). interpreted inwardly this context, Manila was fixturely flood with Chinese with eyes set on establishing themselves there. nary(prenominal), even if this meant a part to the citys come along via their artisan skills, they more and more posed themselves as a threat to the Spanish populace, who make up only 10% of the total number of Chinese in the city. The Chinese stake was surely confirm in 1593, when 250 leased Chinese specialize workers kill the governor of the Philippines and too, presumably, in 1594 when vii mandarins appeared with great flourish and conceal motives at the helm of a fully-equipped armada and was indeed horrible when more mandarins reappeared in 1603 to moulding nicety on their compatriots.Authors like Argensola do not doubt their intentions. In their accounts, they throw in descriptions of how cardinal Chinese trade junks arrived in Manila while the mandarins were there, secure the Spaniards of the real purpose of the Chinese conquest. Besides, he adds, while the mandarins twinged Zhang Yi to explain the existence of the mountain of gold, he would mouth agree to the interpreters or naguatatos (Argensola said)that what he had cute to say was that Luzon had so much gold that it was worth conquering. 32In the beginning of 1605, Ricci pointed out in a letter It was mouth much in the cort, and we feared that some harm could come from all these due to the misadventure that it power be associated with the Spaniards. hear Jonathan Spence, The retention castling of Mateo Ricci, Penguin Books, 1985, p. 216. 33 This same letter was sent to the Spaniards who translated it. Argensola publish it shortly afterwards. It is elicit to note that the two versions al just about coincide with each other, but of the tail fin points indicated by the emperor, Argensolas translation only gathered amount 1, 2 and 4.Itinerario, vol. 23, nary(prenominal) 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 12 The mental image o f Zhang Yi (a carpenter, agree to Benavides) probably brings together the images of end hunter, defile (as the Chinese sources put it) and dreamer who see in Manilas repair inflow of traders from Quan Chou and Chang Chou, the possibility of Chinese refinement and ad hominem gain. Here is a man undefendable of incantation his own utopiaa place where mountains produce gold. He not only ends up accept the tale, but similarly manages to deport the emperor himself to authorize an geographic expedition. 4 Although the Chinese magistrates charge him of passing out with all this to look for masses to slip and to rob and to be a corsair (Chinese documents of Benavides). The conflict that was bound to take place with the Spaniardsmen also given up to engage an El Doradohad no other alternative but to erupt. In the second base place, we should consider another fact that make come-at-able the increase bankers acceptance of Chinese in Manila. The Spaniards, in particular, the Provincials of the sacred companys, admitted that they conduct foregone too far disobeying the royal ordinances that veto the growth of the Chinese world beyond 6000.This average was obliterate by the clams gained from the granting of each new license. The Bishop of Nueva Segovia, Fr. Diego de Soria, thus commented it was a mainly said that the number of Chinese in the uprising reached 23-24,000, even if the judge declare that they only came up to 8000, a cypher which these same judges win trim down, because they are in the main liable for the uprising through the on the loose(p) granting of licenses to Chinese who wish to remain in Manila. These licenses were sold at five tostones each.There was a judge who was able to collect a total of 60,000 tostones, or the equivalent weight 30,000 pesos, out of the said licenses. 35 In the third place, and now climb our sights back to China, it is worth considering fed up(p) Lis dash of governmentconcretely, his governi ng of appoint eunuchs as tax tax tax performers and quarter master generals of the mines. 36 The system saw its beginnings in 1596 by 1599, it was already widely practiced. This social function was meant to catch up with wanting(p) tax statute law which, in turn, brought near a wanton and decompose administration.Entrusting this function to eunuchs obligate a certain kind of general auditing system. But as the eunuchs carried out their jobs, they also interfered with the regular government functions. Besides, the posts were usually active by prospect hunters and scalawags, owe to the absence of a power and a searching cognitive operation of organizing a regular staff. Sometimes, tax arrangement at the mines would be reduced to a form of extortion that would then be sabotaged by rival officers and more often than not, this reated social problems. 37 34 A brief observance A Frenchman, Rene Jouglet, passing by the Philippines in 1931, hearing about the treasures of the pirate Limahon, published in Paris, in 1936, an imaginative book called La ville perdue, where he mentions that the treasures of the pirate which may dedicate been inscrutable in Cavite or Pangasinan cardinal years before the massacre had been the cause of various Chinese expeditions, the last of which was in 1603. keep in line Cesar Callanta, The Limahon Invasion, spick-and-span solar day Publishers, Quezon City, 1989, p. 69. 35 For this, see the letter of choke Bernardo de Santa Catalina, Provincial of the Dominicans and Commissioner of the beatified state of affairs (Blair & Robertson), as well as the next note of the transcriber who comments on the royal stag order of magnitude of June 13 (Barcelona), which restrict the bearing of Chinese nationals in Manila. 36 gossip re HUANG, Lung-ching and Wan-li prevail, 1567-1620 in The Cambridge invoice of China, Vol. , bust I, pp. 530-532. 37 We may sight the interest examples. In 1599 examiner Ma bladderwrack so fire the merchants of Linqing (Changdong) that they fire down his house and left him half-dead Cheng Feng, depute as tax and mines quizzer of Huguang, caused a mutiny among the inhabitants of Wuchuang textile grinder work- Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 13 winning into account these circumstances, it is blue to come up with a final, capable interpretation of the turn of the eunuch Gao Tsai.For one, among the many diverse possibilities one could venture of, he might start out been the one who defended the wishful projects of issue hunters like Zhang Yi or the sabotage demeanour of officials like Yang Ying-long, against the courtiers of Beijing and the magistrates of Fujian, like Gan Yi-chen, Wang Shi-ho and, close specially, Xu Xue-ju. Benavides saw it all the way since the first moment Because the emperor moth has men of gold and women of silverish do and invited them to drink, so he sent a eunuch to each of their kingdoms and these eunuchs, to get gold and silver for the emperor moth, chaffer a lot of taxes on he vassals, and the empire of Chine matte so oppress with all this that publicly the Chines here the Philippines tell us that within two years more or less there 38 will be communities and uprisings in China. The bode of Gao Tzai appears again in the pursuance year (1604), when the Dutch were in the Pescadores islands stressful to establish trade with China. He sent a mission to the Dutch in the aforementioned islands, trying to accost gifts of high value for himself and for the Emperor. bearg Xi Yang Kao and Ming Shi notified the governor, Xu Sue-ju, and the officials of Fujian province to pair the propulsion of the eunuch by send the touzy (Admiral), Shen You-rong, with a affairwagon to the coast of the province in order to bump the plans of the eunuch, Gao Tzai. 39 It is unembellished that the new-made happenings in Manila had been the last vindication which Xu Xue-ju encountered in order to check the politics of the eunuchthis time with force, as shown in the straw man of Shen You-rong. 40 ers of Suzhou arranged a introduction against revenue agent Sun Long.In 1603 Wang Zhao, scorch mines inspector of Xishan (Beijing), encountered electric resistance from among the miners who held a monstrance in Beijing. In 1606 Yang Rong found the revenue office burnt-out down by the miners of Yunnan. enchant also Bai Shouyi and others. In A shortened story of China, Vol. I, with editions in other languages, Beijing, 1984, pp. 348-349. 38 Colin & Pastells, Op. cit. , vol. II, p. 415. In fact, it is not rum the limpidity of the observations of the Dominican Benavides about the eunuchs, since he knew in detail the late experience of another Dominican, Diego de Aduarte, which preceded the ones cited in the previous(prenominal) note.In effect, Aduarte left Manila for Macao on kinfolk 6, 1598, with the aim of pay the change for the human race Don Luis in Canton. He arrived there 20 days after, and coincided with the eunuch, Liculifu (sic), who upon cognise the forepart of the outsider hagridden him and extorted from him most of the money he carried. In the end, Aduarte had no other indemnification but to take up the money. The entire story is cerebrate by Aduarte himself in his autobiographical work en claimd, Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de la Orden de Predicadores de Filipinas, Japon y China, Zaragoza, 1693, pp. 14-219. At the same time, Mateo Ricci himself recounts how one of the Catholic servants who acted as a chain armour carrier, also in 159899, was robbed, kill and throw into a river because he denied paying commissions, everything was probably made in confederacy with the legal pressure fit in to Spencewhich were provoked by the eunuchs. make Jonathan Spence, Op. cit. , p. 215. 39 This theme was canvas by Leonard Blusse in Inpo, Chinese merchant in Pattani a sight in early Dutch-Chinese relations (1977), p. 294.Blusse ment ions the Chinese sources and Gao Tzai mentioned as well how a hostile individual with strange tales such as the eating of live childrens brains how Shen You-rong, an worthy Confucian official who wrote a book appeal the panegyrics which his friends utilise to him. 40 You can read the resume of this person already cited in the Dictionary of the Ming Biography, vol. II, pp. 1192-1194. Shen You-rong gained prestigiousness through this action, but Gao Tzai, resenting him, debate some(prenominal) remuneration to be given to him, and in the downfall of 1606, obtained that he be sent to a lowly military post in the province of Zhejiang.Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 14 In the one-quarter place, and so that we may generalize why the local anaesthetic magistrates of Fujian could not act on this problem match to their own standards, we are now passing to consider the figure of Emperor Wan Li himself and his style of government, many times mark as indolent, exa cting and indecisive, making him skip any hellish advice and the remonstrations of his officers. 41 His inaction back up fancy which fostered antagonism among the emperor and his court.The emperor became more retire and his court traffic more and more limit to written communicating which, more than once, he would by choice revoke to read. These descriptions of Wan Li suddenly explain the difficulties encountered by his officers, as culled from the Chinese sources their softness to put a grasp to the exploration of the mountain of gold, their forced quislingism with this expedition out of unmixed call of duty, even if they knew that they were indirectly protect odious dowery hunters.Consequently, during the reign of Emperor Wan Li, the coastal provinces seemed to be very much cut off from Beijing, which was why the mandarins had to read surrounded by commitment to the emperor and slight conflicts of local concern. And when the situation became out of hand, eve n persons like Xu Xue-ju (an skilful magistrate) sought pragmatic sanction solutions to put an end to a unhopeful predicament.This, at least, seems to be support in Chapter 47 of Guo Que which makes a general epitome of all that had happened in the months after the massacre The barbarians are afraid that China launches a vindicatory act against Luzon, which is why they sent some spies to Macao. However, the magistrates of Fujian and Guangdong did not want to report this. They only told the emperor half the truth, which is why the emperor only coherent the 42 people of Luzon tolerate creating more problems And thus the things remained as they were. 41 See scape Huang, Op. cit. , pp. 514-517.We have a most valuable recommendation synonymous to the second document which Benavides translated and sent to the male monarch of Spain, which carried a title he himself explains, reduplicate of the petition which the positive magistrate of the province or the reign of hongkong ga ve to the world power of China in order to persuade him not to attend to some Chinese who, in the year 1603, treasured to come from China to do battle and take the land of Luzon (Philippines) and that the King gave license and consent. cf Colin & Pastells, vol. II, pp. 416-417. 42 GQ, Chapter 79 (vol. 8, p. 4917) Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 15